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China–Sweden relations

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China–Sweden relations
Map indicating locations of China and Sweden

China
Sweden

China–Sweden relations are the bilateral relations between China and Sweden. Sweden was the second Western country to establish official diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, on 9 May 1950.[1][2]

History

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Chinese embassy in Stockholm
Chinese Consulate-General in Gothenburg

Sweden's and China's ties goes back to the 17th century.[3][better source needed] Sweden traded with China, and this was recorded by Nils Matsson Kiöping, who visited southern China on the Götheborg in 1654 and wrote accounts of his journeys to China upon his return to Sweden.[3][better source needed] The Swedish East India Company traded with China from 1731 to 1813.[citation needed]

New research on 1913-1917 post-Qing relations claim that the head of the Swedish Geological Survey, Johan Gunnar Andersson's work was part of Sweden's ‘extractive vision’ which dealt with aiding exploitative interests of Swedish industrial and foreign-policy actors by seeking to secure, for Sweden, a quasi-colonial presence in Republican China, centering on large-scale extraction of Chinese iron ore, profit-maximizing iron exports throughout the Pacific region and construction and operation of China's largest steel mills and weapons factories.[4]

20th century

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Sweden was the first Western country to establish official diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which took place on 9 May 1950.[1][2] For this occasion, chairman Mao Zedong decided to personally receive the Swedish ambassador, Torsten Hammarström, as he presented his letter of credentials,[5] which was quite unusual, and a sign that China attached great importance to this diplomatic breakthrough.[6]

2000s

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A modern replica of the East Indiaman Götheborg was constructed and departed from Göteborg, Sweden, in 2005. The ship reached Shanghai, China, in 2006. The ship was welcomed in Shanghai by King Carl XVI and Queen Silvia of Sweden who made an official visit to China that year.[2][better source needed]

2010s

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The disappearance of five Hong Kong booksellers including notably the extrajudicial rendition of author–publisher Gui Minhai, a Swedish national, from his residence in Thailand in late 2015 would catalyse sharp deterioration in relations. The Chinese government had been silent about holding him in custody for three months, at which point a controversial video confession was broadcast on mainland media.[7] On 5 January 2016, the Minister for Foreign Affairs stated that they took a "serious view" on Gui's disappearance.[8]

On 2 September 2018, a Chinese tourist named Zeng caused a diplomatic incident because he had incorrectly booked a hostel accommodation. Zeng and his elderly parents arrived a day early. They were not allowed to sleep in the lobby overnight, and were forcibly ejected by police when they refused to leave. Zeng accused the Swedish police of having used excess violence. The Chinese Foreign Ministry responded with a security warning on travel to Sweden.[9]

Uyghurs

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Further information: Persecution of Uyghurs in China

In July 2019, British UN Ambassador Karen Pierce delivered a joint international statement on Xinjiang at the United Nations General Assembly's Third Committee on behalf of 23 countries, including Sweden. The countries said they shared concerns raised by the United Nations International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination regarding "credible reports of mass detention; efforts to restrict cultural and religious practices; mass surveillance disproportionately targeting ethnic Uyghurs; and other human rights violations and abuses." They called on China to comply with its national and international obligations to respect human rights, including freedom of religion, and allow UN human rights monitors access to internment camps.[10][11][12]

Continued conflict over Gui Minhai

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In November 2019, Chinese ambassador Gui Congyou threatened Sweden saying that "We treat our friends with fine wine, but for our enemies we use shotguns." over the decision by Swedish PEN to award Gui Minhai the Tucholsky Prize. All eight major Swedish political parties condemned the ambassador's threats. On 4 December, after the prize had been awarded, Ambassador Gui said that one could not both harm China's interests and benefit economically from China; when asked to clarify his remarks he said that China would impose trade restrictions on Sweden. These remarks were backed up by the Chinese Foreign Ministry in Beijing.[13]

The Swedish Ambassador to China, Anna Lindstedt, was recalled for arranging a meeting between the daughter of Gui Minhai and two businessmen representing Beijing without the approval or knowledge of the Swedish Foreign Ministry and indicted for unauthorised contacts with a foreign power.[14]

2020s

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See also: Criticism of Confucius Institutes

In January 2020, the Chinese Embassy announced that they would be denying Chinese visas to reporters who criticize China or, as they put it, damage the relationship between China and Sweden. The Ambassador called Sweden's press "lightweight" and said they should not have picked a fight with China who is a "heavyweight" and will now retaliate.[15]

In February 2020, Sweden's foreign ministry summoned China's ambassador to demand the release of Gui Minhai, a day after he was sentenced to 10 years in jail on charges of illegally providing intelligence to foreigners.[16]

In 2020, amid the straining of the relations between both countries, Sweden shut down the last of the Confucius teaching programmes in the country.[17] Cities such as Gothenburg, Linköping, Luleå and Västerås have not extended long-standing twinning or partnership agreements with Chinese cities – Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xian and Jinan respectively. The agreement has been renewed continuously but officially expired at the end of 2019.[18][19]

In June 2020, Sweden openly opposed the Hong Kong national security law.[20][21] In 2024, the Jamestown Foundation reported that over 100 organizations of the Chinese Communist Party's united front were in operation in Sweden, including a center dedicated to technology transfer as well as cultural, educational, professional, and political groups.[22] the In April 2024, Sweden deported a Chinese united front activist on national security grounds.[23] In November 2024, Swedish police investigated a Chinese shipping vessel, the Yi Peng 3, in the Baltic Sea after it was found be in the vicinity of two severed undersea fiber-optic data cables and suspected of sabotage.[24][25]

Trade relations

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In 2006, the trade value between the two countries added up to $6.73 billion. As of 2016 Sweden had become China's ninth-largest trading partner in the European Union and China had been Sweden's largest trade partner in Asia for four consecutive years.[2][better source needed]

Public opinion

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A survey published in 2020 by the Pew Research Center found that 85% of Swedes had an unfavorable view of China.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "60th anniversary of China-Sweden diplomatic relations celebrated". China Daily. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "China-Sweden relations continue to strengthen". China Daily. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b "China-Sweden relations beyond 60 years". People's Daily. 27 May 2010. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  4. ^ Per Högselius & Yunwei Song (2 August 2020). "Extractive visions: Sweden's quest for China's natural resources, 1913–1917". Scandinavian Economic History Review. 69 (2): 158–176. doi:10.1080/03585522.2020.1789731.
  5. ^ "H.M. Konungens tal vid Innovation Forum fredagen den 21 maj 2010" [H.M. King's speech at the Innovation Forum on Friday, 21 May 2010]. Kungahuset.se. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  6. ^ "60 years of friendship". Dragon News: Member Magazine for the Swedish Chambers of Commerce in Hong Kong and China (2). Beijing: Swedish Chamber of Commerce: 12. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  7. ^ Makinen, Julie; Kaiman, Jonathan (20 January 2016). "Mystery deepens as two missing Hong Kong men surface in mainland China". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016.
  8. ^ Siu, Phila (5 January 2016). "Sweden's foreign ministry takes 'serious view' over disappearance of publisher and naturalised citizen while in Thailand". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  9. ^ Kuo, Lily (17 September 2018). "China accuses Sweden of violating human rights over treatment of tourists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  10. ^ "Countries Blast China at UN Over Xinjiang Abuses". Human Rights Watch. 30 October 2019. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  11. ^ Yellinek, Roie; Chen, Elizabeth. "The "22 vs. 50" Diplomatic Split Between the West and China Over Xinjiang and Human Rights". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  12. ^ Basu, Zachary (8 October 2020). "Mapped: More countries sign UN statement condemning China's mass detentions in Xinjiang". Axios. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  13. ^ Olsson, Jojje. "China Tries to Put Sweden on Ice". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Former Swedish ambassador to China indicted over meetings to discuss Hong Kong bookseller". South China Morning Post. Associated Press. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  15. ^ Cheng, Ching-Tse (20 January 2020). "Chinese envoy threatens and mocks Swedish media as 'lightweight'". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  16. ^ Johan Ahlander (25 February 2020), Sweden summons Chinese ambassador to demand release of Gui Minhai Archived 1 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine Reuters.
  17. ^ Moody, Oliver (21 April 2020). "Swedes axe China-backed Confucius school scheme as relations sour". The Times. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  18. ^ "Gothenburg axes twin city agreement with Shanghai as Sweden closes all Confucius Institutes". Hong Kong Free Press. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  19. ^ Everington, Keoni (24 April 2020). "Gothenburg cuts sister-city ties with Shanghai as Sweden cans Confucius Institutes". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  20. ^ "World reacts to China's national security law for Hong Kong". Al Jazeera. 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  21. ^ Hutt, David (11 June 2020). "Sweden-China ties grow ever icier over Hong Kong and coronavirus". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  22. ^ Yu, Cheryl (4 October 2024). "Beyond the List: The Broad Range of United Front Work in Sweden". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  23. ^ Olsson, Jojje (8 April 2024). "Information on the detained Chinese journalist to be deported from Sweden". Kinamedia. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  24. ^ Bryant, Miranda; Sauer, Pjotr (20 November 2024). "Swedish police focus on Chinese ship after suspected undersea cable sabotage". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  25. ^ Pancevski, Bojan (15 December 2024). "Brush With Russia in Baltic Points to New Flashpoint in NATO-Moscow Shadow War". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 December 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2024. Investigators say they believe that its Chinese captain was induced by Russian intelligence to cut the cables with the ship's anchor.
  26. ^ "Unfavorable Views of China Reach Historic Highs in Many Countries". Pew Research Center. 6 October 2020. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
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