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Index

Page numbers in italics indicate Figures and Tables.

A

  • AAAA (American Association of Advertising Agencies), 125
  • AACSB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business), 126
  • AAMC (Association of American Medical Colleges), EPA, 144–45
  • AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications, 196
  • ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology), 58, 100, 101–5, 106, 113
  • academic standards, educational resources, 97
  • ACBSP (Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs), 126–27
  • accounting, 123
  • accreditation, 33, 58, 100–106, 113–16, 126–27, 145
  • Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), 58, 100, 101–5, 106, 113
  • Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP), 126–27
  • Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), 145
  • Accredited Standards Committee (ASC), 156
  • ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education), 145
  • Acme Electronic Health Record Platform, 135
  • ACRL (Association of College and Research Libraries), Information Literacy Framework, 45, 145, 186
  • administrative law, 135, 137–38
  • adverse event, health care, 151, 152, 158–59
  • advertising, 125, 129
  • Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), 125
  • aerospace engineering, mechanical and, 210–13
  • Affordable Care Act website, 143
  • African Organisation for Standardisation (ARSO), 118
  • Age of Enlightenment, 4–5
  • aggregator databases, and services, 54–55, 55, 59, 69, 70–71, 73
  • agriculture, 7, 21–22, 135
  • AIUM (American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine), 155
  • ALA (American Library Association), 43
  • Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, 129
  • American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA), 125
  • American Association of Clinical Chemistry, 149
  • American Bar Association, 6
  • American College of Surgeons, 6
  • American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 9
  • American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 196
  • American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), 155
  • American Library Association (ALA), 43
  • American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 29, 34, 48, 95, 119, 123, 126, 137; brewery entrepreneurship and, 128–29; F1568 - 08, 49; founding organizations, 9; ISO and, 72, 208; SDOs and, 16–17; webstore, 47, 71, 72
  • American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 9, 28, 36, 69, 71, 73, 171, 226; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 8, 68; health care standards, 154; student resources, 95
  • American Society for Testing and Materials. See ASTM International
  • American Society for Testing v. Public. Resource.Org, Inc., 140
  • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 9, 36, 69, 73, 75, 196
  • American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP), 123
  • American Standard Safety Code, ANSI, 9
  • ANAB (National Accreditation Board), ANSI, 126
  • animal adverse event reporting for manufacturer, 159
  • Animal Drug and Device Reporting system, 159
  • Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, 146
  • ANSI. See American National Standards Institute
  • APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service), USDA, 146
  • “Architectural and Similarly Named Engineering Programs,” ABET Program Criteria, 100
  • ARL (Association of Research Libraries), 66
  • ARSO (African Organisation for Standardisation), 118
  • ASA (Advertising Standards Authority), 125
  • ASC (Accredited Standards Committee), 156
  • ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), 9, 36, 69, 73, 75, 196
  • ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers), 9, 28, 36, 69, 71, 73, 171, 226; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 8, 68; health care standards, 154; student resources, 95
  • assessments, 35, 88–89, 89, 96, 118
  • ASSIST Quick Search, military standards, 47
  • Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), EPA, 144–45
  • Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL), Information Literacy Framework, 45, 145, 186
  • Association of Research Libraries (ARL), 66
  • Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering (ATMAE), 105, 106
  • Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), 126
  • ASSP (American Society of Safety Professionals), 123
  • ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) International, 28, 68–69, 73, 135, 137, 212, 213; Classroom for Members, 95–96; with clothing storage units, 36, 58–59; Compass database, 75, 171, 211, 216; F963
  • and toy safety, 29, 216, 217; health care standards, 154; medical device standards by category, 158; with standards dissemination, 35
  • athletic equipment, 35
  • ATMAE (Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering), 105, 106
  • Australia, 31, 33
  • Australian Consumer Protection Notice No. 6 (2004), 33
  • automotive engineering, 28, 36

B

  • Bachelor of Business Administration Program, Texas A&M University, 127
  • backward planning process, 83–84
  • Better Business Bureau (BBB) Code of Advertising, 125
  • biomedical engineering, 189–92
  • Bloom’s Taxonomy, 185
  • Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, ASME, 8, 68
  • boiler explosion (1905), Grover Shoe Factory, 7–8
  • brewery entrepreneurship, 128–29
  • British Standards Institute (BSI), 75, 125
  • building codes, 18, 128
  • business standards, 122–30, 184–88

C

  • CAC (Computing Accreditation Commission), 113
  • CAD (computer-aided design) models, 225, 226
  • Canada, 7, 157
  • canning process, food, 6
  • Canons of Professional Ethics (1908), 6
  • CAP (Committee of Advertising Practice), 125
  • capability and possibility, verbal expressions, 51
  • Capital Program Management (CPM), MTA NYCT, 207
  • Carey Law School, University of Pennsylvania, 134
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 32
  • CAS RN (Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number), 155
  • Caterpillar Inc., 106
  • CBER (Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research), 146
  • CDA (Clinical Document Architecture), 156
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), 21–22
  • CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research), 146
  • CDM (Common Data Model), OMOP, 157
  • CDRH (Center for Devices and Radiological Health), 146
  • CEN (European Committee for Standardization), 31, 117, 123
  • CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), 31, 117
  • Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), 146
  • Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), 146
  • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), 146
  • Center for Internet Security (CIS) Critical Security Controls, 124
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 21–22
  • certification, 35, 113, 125–26, 129, 207–8, 212, 226
  • CFR (Code of Federal Regulations), U.S., 46, 48, 135, 137
  • Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number (CAS RN), 155
  • China, 31, 32
  • CIS (Center for Internet Security) Critical Security Controls, 124
  • civil engineering, 9, 36, 69, 73, 75, 193–97
  • Classroom for Members, ASTM International, 95–96
  • clauses and subclauses, standard structure, 50
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 150, 155
  • Clinical Document Architecture (CDA), 156
  • clothing storage units, ASTM with, 36, 58–59
  • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute), 150, 155
  • CMM (coordinate-measuring machine), 226
  • CNC (computer numerical control) machine, 226
  • COBIT (Control Objectives for Information Technologies), ISACA, 124
  • Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), U.S., 46, 48, 135, 137
  • codes, 9, 17–18, 125, 128, 147, 155, 156; with ABET ETAC program criteria and standards, 103–5; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 8, 68; U.S. CFR, 46, 48, 135, 137
  • collection practices, models of. See standards collection development
  • Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP), 125
  • Common Data Model (CDM), OMOP, 157
  • Communications Technology Laboratory (CTL), 118
  • Compass database, ASTM International, 75, 171, 211, 216
  • Compendex, 59, 171
  • component security, 115
  • computer-aided design (CAD) models, 225, 226
  • computer graphics technology, 225–28
  • computer numerical control (CNC) machine, 226
  • computer science, 113, 114. See also information and communication technologies
  • Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC), 113
  • conformity assessment, 35, 96, 118
  • connection security, 115
  • Constitution, U.S., 139
  • Constitutional Convention (1789), 138
  • Consumer and Standards, ISO, 98
  • Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 46
  • Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA), U.S., 217
  • Control Objectives for Information Technologies (COBIT), ISACA, 124
  • coordinate-measuring machine (CMM), 226
  • COPANT (Pan American Standards Commission), 118
  • copyright, intellectual property law, 139–40
  • Core Competency 5, PBLI, 145
  • Core Competency 6, PBLI, 145
  • costs: freely available full-text standards, 60, 61–63, 63; licensing fees, 113; of standards, 57, 58, 82
  • COVID-19 pandemic, 58, 63, 157, 211
  • CPM (Capital Program Management), MTA NYCT, 207
  • CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission), 46
  • CPSIA (Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act), U.S., 217
  • CPT (Current Procedural Terminology), 155, 156
  • Criterion 3 (CAC), 113–14, 115, 116
  • Criterion 5 (CAC), 113, 114, 115, 116
  • Criterion 3 (EAC), 100, 101
  • Criterion 3 (ETAC), 100, 102
  • Criterion 5 (EAC), 100
  • Criterion 5 (ETAC), 100
  • CTL (Communications Technology Laboratory), 118
  • Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations, 146
  • Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), 155, 156
  • curriculum, 84–85, 87, 96, 100–105, 113–16, 126–27
  • cyberattacks, 115
  • cybersecurity, 22, 97, 113–15, 119, 124, 125

D

  • data, 114, 124, 157
  • databases: adverse event, 152, 158; ANSI IBR Portal, 48; ASTM International Compass, 75, 171, 211, 216; ASTM International Digital Library, 35; Compendex, 59, 171; EUDAMED, 147, 157; FDA Medical Device Recall, 151, 158; library, 35, 55, 57; library catalogs, 48, 54, 55; MAUDE, 151, 158; NIST SIBR, 48, 135; SDOs, 54, 55, 59; standards aggregator, 54–55, 55, 59, 69, 70–71, 73; Xplore, 74, 199
  • data security, 114, 124
  • de facto standards, 16, 30, 110
  • Defense Supply Center Columbus (DSCC), 34
  • definitions and terms, standard structure, 50
  • de jure standards, 16
  • Department of Agriculture (USDA), U.S., 21, 146
  • Department of Commerce, U.S., 97, 118
  • Department of Defense (DoD), U.S., 24, 34
  • Department of Energy (DOE), U.S., 23
  • Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), U.S., 21, 135, 137, 147
  • Department of Transportation, U.S., 178
  • Department of War, U.S., 9
  • designation and title, standard structure, 49
  • development, 15, 28, 29, 31, 86, 175. See also standardization development process; standards collection development; standards developing organizations
  • Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), 156
  • Digital Library database, ASTM International, 35
  • digital rights management (DRM), 60, 64
  • discovery layers, library catalogs and, 54, 55
  • dissemination, of standards, 28, 35–36, 214
  • documentary standards, 19
  • DoD (Department of Defense), U.S., 24, 34
  • DOE (Department of Energy), U.S., 23
  • DRM (digital rights management), 60, 64
  • DSCC (Defense Supply Center Columbus), 34

E

  • EAC (Engineering Accreditation Commission), ABET, 100, 101
  • EBA (European Banking Authority), 123
  • economic sector, standards by: defined by ISO, 20; energy measurement, 23; environmental management, 23, 207–8; food safety, 21–22; ICT, 22–23; industry, 19, 21, 46, 67, 122, 216, 225; medical, health and safety, 21; military specifications and standards, 24; quality management systems, 23–24, 46, 126
  • ECRI (Emergency Care Research Institute), 156, 159
  • education, 6, 134, 140, 145; of health care providers, 150–59; standards information literacy and, 44–45; teaching and learning technical standards, 81–93
  • educational resources: academic standards, 97; ANSI education and training in standardization, 95; ASME student resources, 95; ASTM International Classroom for Members, 95–96; government, 97–98; IEEE Standards University, 96; Intellectual Property Shield, 97; international, 98; ISO Consumer and Standards, 98; NIST, 96, 97–98; Purdue University with Standards are Everywhere Tutorials, 97; SDOs, 94–96; SES, 96; SSCD Cooperative Agreement Program, 96
  • Education Task Force, IEEE, 44
  • EHS (environmental, health, and safety) management, 219, 220, 222
  • EIOPA (European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority), 123
  • Electrical Appliances Safety Control Act (1974), South Korea, 33
  • electrical engineering, 9, 85, 86–87, 87, 155, 198–201. See also Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers electronic form, standards: individual PDF purchases, 69, 70, 72, 73; storage and organization, 74–75; subscription purchases, 69–70
  • electrotechnical standardization, CENELEC, 31, 117
  • EMDN (European Medical Devices Nomenclature), 147, 156
  • Emergency Care Research Institute (ECRI), 156, 159
  • employers, engineering and engineering technology, 105–6
  • EMS (environmental management systems), 23, 207, 208–9
  • EN (European Standard), 31
  • energy management standards, 23
  • engineering: ABET, 58, 100–106, 113; ASME, 8–9, 28, 36, 68–69, 71, 73, 95, 154, 171, 226; ATMAE accreditation, 105, 106; automotive, 28, 36; biomedical, 189–92; civil, 9, 36, 69, 73, 75, 193–97; EAC, 100, 101; electrical, 9, 85, 86–87, 155, 198–201; engineering technology and, 58, 99–106; environmental, 219–24; “Grey Literature in Engineering,” 67; IEEE, 22, 44–45, 69, 74, 96, 119, 155, 199–201; IETF, 22, 113, 120; IHS Engineering Workbench, 59, 72; mechanical and aerospace, 210–13; SAE, 28, 36; standards case study, 169–72; STEM, 76, 97, 215; students and technical standards, 173–76; with technical standards in health care, 154; technology, 58, 185; transportation, 206–9; undergraduate students and technical communication, 214–18; University of Michigan College of Engineering, 189, 190, 191
  • Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC), ABET, 100, 101
  • engineering technology, engineering and: accreditation and ABET, 58, 100, 101–5, 106; accreditation and ATMAE, 105, 106; accreditation and curriculum requirements, 100–105; employer expectations, 105–6; role of, 99, 106
  • Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission (ETAC), ABET, 100, 102, 103–5
  • Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA), AAMC, 144–45
  • environment, 148–50
  • environmental, health, and safety (EHS) management, 219, 220, 222
  • environmental engineering, 219–24
  • environmental management standards, 23, 207–8
  • environmental management systems (EMS), 23, 207, 208–9
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S., 23, 34, 135
  • EPA (Entrustable Professional Activity), AAMC, 144–45
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), U.S., 23, 34, 135
  • Erasmus University, Rotterdam School of Management, 127
  • Escape Velocity Brewing, Indiana, 128–29
  • ESMA (European Securities and Markets Authority), 123
  • ETAC (Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission), ABET, 100, 102, 103–5
  • ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), 31, 117
  • EU (European Union), 31–32, 34, 123, 147, 157
  • EUDAMED (European Database on Medical Devices), 147, 157
  • European Banking Authority (EBA), 123
  • European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), 31, 117
  • European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 31, 117, 123
  • European Database on Medical Devices (EUDAMED), 147, 157
  • European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), 123
  • European Medical Devices Nomenclature (EMDN), 147, 156
  • European Medicines Agency, 157
  • European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), 123
  • European Standard (EN), 31
  • European Standardization Organizations, 31, 117, 123
  • European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 31, 117
  • European Union (EU), 31–32, 34, 123, 147, 157
  • Ex Libris Primo, 171

F

  • FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 34
  • face-to-face learning, 85
  • faculty, engineering technology, 58
  • FAERS (FDA Adverse Event Reporting System), 151, 158–59
  • FAF (Financial Accounting Foundation), 123
  • fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory terms (FRAND), patents, 111
  • fair use doctrine, 139–40
  • FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board), 123
  • Fast Health Care Interoperability Resources (FHIR), 152, 156
  • FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 46, 200, 201
  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 21–22, 46, 145–46, 148, 151, 157–59, 182
  • FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), 151, 158–59
  • FDARA (Food and Drug Administration Reauthorization Act), 146
  • FDCA (Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act), 145–46, 151, 158, 182
  • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 34
  • Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 46, 200, 201
  • Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), 30
  • FHIR (Fast Health Care Interoperability Resources), 152, 156
  • finance, business standards, 123
  • Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), 123
  • Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 123
  • Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), 123
  • fire science, 202–5
  • 50001 series, ISO, 23
  • Flash Method, 211, 212
  • FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards), 30
  • Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), 145–46, 151, 158, 182
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 21–22, 46, 145–46, 148, 151, 157–59, 182
  • Food and Drug Administration Reauthorization Act (FDARA), 146
  • Food Chemicals Codex, 22
  • Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), 21
  • Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), 22
  • food safety standards, 6, 7, 21–22, 129
  • foreword, standard structure, 50
  • Fourth Industrial Revolution, 225
  • Framework Act on National Standards (1999), South Korea, 33
  • FRAND (fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory terms), patents, 111
  • FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service), 21
  • FSMA (Food Safety Modernization Act), 22
  • full-text standards, 57, 60, 61–63, 63
  • functional standards, 24

G

  • GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), U.S., 123, 129
  • GASB (Governmental Accounting Standards Board),
  • General Data Protection Regulation (GDRP), 157
  • Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), U.S., 123, 129
  • General Services Administration (GSA), U.S., 34
  • Generic Implant Classification (GIC), 147, 156
  • George Washington University Regulatory Studies Center, 136
  • GIC (Generic Implant Classification), 147, 156
  • Global Factbook of Advertising Self-Regulatory Organizations, 125
  • Global Harmonization Task Force, 147
  • Global Knowledge Solutions, ASME, 71
  • Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN), 147, 156
  • GOBI, 73
  • Google Scholar, 59, 64
  • Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), 123
  • government standards: development process, 34; health care, 157; NIST and educational resources, 97–98; nongovernmental SDOs, 16
  • grey literature, 43, 67
  • “Grey Literature in Engineering” (Thompson), 67
  • Grover Shoe Factory explosion (1905), 7–8
  • GSA (General Services Administration), U.S., 34

H

  • hardware standards, 22, 23, 110
  • health: Acme Electronic Health Record Platform, 135; care, 6, 143, 147–59; care standards, 145–47, 151–52, 154–59; CDRH, 146
  • health and safety, 34, 35, 117, 124, 147; EHS management, 219, 220, 222; environmental sustainability, 220; standards, 6, 7, 21–22, 123, 129, 156
  • Health Canada List of Recognized Standards for Medical Devices, 157
  • health care, 6, 143; environment, 149–50; products covered by standards, 147–49; providers, 150–59; standards, 145–47, 151–52, 154–59
  • health information exchange (HIE), 148, 149
  • health information technology (HIT), 21, 137, 147, 148–49, 151, 155
  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 21, 149, 157
  • healthIT.gov, 147
  • Health Level Seven International (HL7), 137, 156
  • health sciences standards, 143–59, 180–83
  • HHS (Department of Health and Human Services), U.S., 21, 135, 137, 147
  • HIE (health information exchange), 148, 149
  • HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act), 21, 149, 157
  • HIT (health information technology), 21, 137, 147, 148–49, 151, 155
  • HL7 (Health Level Seven International), 137, 156
  • Human Phenotype Ontology, 156
  • human resources, business standards, 124
  • human security, 115

I

  • IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), 156
  • IBC (International Building Code), 18
  • IBR (Incorporated by Reference) Portal, ANSI, 48
  • ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) Advertising and Marketing Communications Code, 125
  • ICD-10-CM (International Classification of Diseases), 6, 152, 155, 156
  • ICS (International Classification for Standards), 59, 63
  • ICT. See information and communication technologies
  • IEC. See International Electrotechnical Commission
  • IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  • IEEE SA (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association), 22, 119
  • IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 22, 113, 120
  • IHS Engineering Workbench, 59, 72
  • IHS Global standards store, 48, 71–72
  • IHS Markit, 47
  • IHTSDO (International Health Terminology Standards), 155, 156
  • IMDRF (International Medical Device Regulators Forum), 147, 159
  • Imperial System, 18
  • Incorporated by Reference (IBR) Portal, ANSI, 48
  • incorporation by reference, 17, 137, 138, 140, 178
  • Index of Federal Specifications, Standards, and Commercial Item Descriptions (U.S. GSA), 34
  • industrial communities, ICT, 119–20
  • Industrial Revolution, 6, 7–8, 225
  • Industrial Standardization Act of 1961, South Korea, 33
  • Industrial Technology Bachelor of Science programs, 105
  • industry: FINRA, 123; MOTIE, 33; PCI, 124; standards, 19, 21, 46, 67, 122, 216, 225; TAPPI, 28
  • information, 44–45, 49, 138, 145, 157, 186, 226; cybersecurity and, 124; discovery of, 46–48; exchange, 146, 148, 152, 156; HIT, 21, 137, 147, 148–49, 151, 155; OASIS, 22, 73, 119. See also standards information literacy; technical standards information literacy
  • information and communication technologies (ICT): accreditation and curriculum requirements, 113–16; international, 113, 116–17; professional organizations and industrial communities, 119–20; regional, 117–18; standards, 22–23, 109–14, 116–20, 148–49
  • Information Literacy Framework, ACRL, 45, 145, 186
  • Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), 124
  • information technology (IT), 10, 22, 34, 113, 118, 135, 156; COBIT, 124; growth of, 109; health, 21, 137, 147, 148–49, 151, 155
  • Information Technology Laboratory (ITL), 118
  • informative elements, standard structure, 49–50
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 69, 96; health care standards, 155; SA, 22, 119; University Outreach Program, 44–45; WLAN systems and, 199–200, 201; Xplore database, 74, 199
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE SA), 22, 119
  • instruction: components and descriptions case study, 220; standards information literacy and solutions for lack of, 82; technical standards information literacy, 83–87, 86. See also technical standards information literacy
  • intellectual property law: copyright, 139–40; patents, 138–39; technology and, 138–40
  • intellectual property rights (IPRs), 110, 112, 139
  • Intellectual Property (IP) Shield, 97
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 156
  • International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 126
  • International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 8
  • international business standards, 124–25
  • International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Advertising and Marketing Communications Code, 125
  • International Classification for Standards (ICS), 59, 63
  • International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10-CM), 6, 152, 155, 156
  • international educational resources, standards, 98
  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 22, 32, 47; health care standards, 154; ICT SDOs, 113, 116, 118; ISO/IEC, 9, 15, 17, 115, 124, 126, 154; “standards” defined by, 9
  • International Health Terminology Standards (IHTSDO), 155, 156
  • international markets, business standards, 127–28
  • International Medical Device Regulators Forum (IMDRF), 147, 159
  • International Metric Commission, 8
  • International Metric System, 18
  • International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 32, 35, 47, 73, 75, 129, 222; ANSI and, 72, 208; Consumer and Standards, 98; documentary standards and, 19; EHS management, 219; EMS, 23, 207, 208–9; energy management, 23; engineering or technical standards, 154; health and safety, 123; ICS and, 59; ICT SDOs, 113, 115, 116, 118; ISO/IEC, 9, 15, 17, 115, 124, 126; with medical laboratory quality standards, 149; open standards and, 22; quality management, 24, 126, 154, 226; SI system, 10; “standards” defined by, 15, 20; University of Geneva and, 127
  • international standards, 17
  • International Standards Association (ISA), 9
  • International System of Units (SI), 10
  • International TechneGroup Incorporated (ITI), 228
  • International Telecommunication Office, 137
  • International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 47, 111–12, 117
  • International Telecommunication Union–Telecommunications (ITU-T), 22, 111–12
  • Internet, 30, 47, 109, 124
  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 22, 113, 120
  • Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), 148
  • Internet of Things (IoT), 119
  • Internet Society, 34–35
  • introduction, standard structure, 50
  • IoMT (Internet of Medical Things), 148
  • IoT (Internet of Things), 119
  • IPRs (intellectual property rights), 110, 112, 139
  • IP (Intellectual Property) Shield, 97
  • ISA (International Standards Association), 9
  • ISACA (Information Systems Audit and Control Association), 124
  • ISO. See International Organization for Standardization
  • IT. See information technology
  • ITI (International TechneGroup Incorporated), 228
  • ITL (Information Technology Laboratory), 118
  • ITU (International Telecommunications Union), 47, 111–12, 117
  • ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union–Telecommunications), 22, 111–12

K

  • KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards), 33
  • knowledge, new, 3, 43, 45, 49, 83
  • Korean Agency for Technology and Standards (KATS), 33
  • Korean Standards Association (KSA), 33, 36
  • KSA (Korean Standards Association), 33, 36

L

  • Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines (LMPGs), 149
  • language, 4, 50–51
  • law standards, 6, 134–40, 177–79
  • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), 148
  • learning standards. See technical standards information literacy
  • LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), 148
  • Legal Information Institute, Cornell University, 138
  • LibGuides, 85, 95, 169, 187
  • librarians, 66, 76, 84, 167. See also health sciences standards libraries, 43, 45, 66, 67, 75–76; catalogs, 48, 54, 55; databases, 35, 48, 54, 55, 57. See also standards collection development
  • Libwizard, 85
  • licensing fees, open standards, 113
  • LMPGs (Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines), 149
  • local standards, 17
  • Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), 155, 156

M

  • management, 60, 64, 105, 106, 127; business, 126, 184–88; EHS, 219, 220, 222; energy standards, 23; environmental standards, 23, 207–8; quality systems standards, 23–24, 46, 126
  • mandatory standards, 16–17, 30–31, 125
  • Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database, 151, 158
  • marketing, business standards, 125
  • Mars Space Colony, IEEE, 96
  • MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) database, 151, 158
  • MBD (Model-Based Definition), 225, 226–27
  • MDRs (Medical Device Reports), FDA, 146, 151, 158
  • measurements, 8, 10, 18–19, 23, 33, 111, 148, 226
  • Measures Act (1961), South Korea, 33
  • mechanical and aerospace engineering case study, 210–13
  • MedDRA, 156
  • MedHub, 183
  • Medical Device Reports (MDRs), 146, 151, 158
  • medical devices, 143, 146–48, 151, 156–59
  • Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (2002), 146
  • medical laboratory quality standards, 149
  • medical products, types of, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), NCBI, 155, 156
  • medicine, 6, 10, 21, 149, 155–58, 189–92. See also health care
  • MedWatch, 158
  • MedWatchLearn, 158
  • MEMS (microelectromechanical systems), 149
  • MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), NCBI, 155, 156
  • metrology, 19, 148
  • Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), NYCT, 207–9
  • MGMT, 184–85
  • microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 149
  • military standards, 9, 24, 34, 47
  • military system, 5–6, 228
  • Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE), South Korea, 33
  • Model-Based Definition (MBD), 225, 226–27
  • MOTIE (Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy), South Korea, 33
  • motor vehicles, 30–31
  • MTA (Metropolitan Transportation Authority), NYCT, 207–9

N

  • NARA (National Archives and Records Administration), 137
  • NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 34
  • National Academy of Medicine Committee on Standards, 149
  • National Accreditation Board (ANAB), ANSI, 126
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 34
  • National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), 137
  • National Bureau of Standards (NBS), 8
  • National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 148, 155, 156
  • National Conference on Weights and Measures, 8
  • National Electrical Code (NFPA), 18
  • National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 155
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 31
  • National Information Standards Organization (NISO), 155
  • National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), 159
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 8, 15, 115, 118, 124, 127, 135; educational resources, 96, 97–98; health care standards, 155; role of, 19, 48, 126
  • National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE), 35
  • National Standardization Development (NSD) Outline, China, 32
  • National Standard Plumbing Code (NSPC), 18
  • national standards, 17
  • national standards bodies (NSBs), EU, 31–32, 34
  • Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD), 228
  • Navy, U.S., 9, 228
  • NAWCAD (Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division), 228
  • NBS (National Bureau of Standards), 8
  • NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), 148, 155, 156
  • NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), 155
  • Netherlands Standardization Institute, 127
  • networking standards, software and, 111
  • New York City Transit (NYCT), MTA, 207–9
  • NFPA (National Electrical Code), 18
  • NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), 31
  • NIIMBL (National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals), 159
  • NISO (National Information Standards Organization), 155
  • NIST. See National Institute of Standards and Technology
  • NOCSAE (National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment), 35
  • noncompliance, 46, 110
  • nongovernmental SDOs, 16
  • normative elements, standard structure, 50
  • normative references, standard structure, 50
  • NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission), 34
  • NSBs (national standards bodies), EU, 31–32, 34
  • NSD (National Standardization Development) Outline, China, 32
  • NSPC (National Standard Plumbing Code), 18
  • Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 34
  • NYCT (New York City Transit), MTA, 207–9

O

  • OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards), 22, 119
  • Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), 157
  • Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP), CDM, 157
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 21, 34, 123, 129, 156
  • OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), 200
  • Office of Combination Products Guidance Documents, FDA, 157
  • Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), 21, 147
  • OHDSI (Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics), 157
  • OMB A-119, 17
  • OMOP (Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership), CDM, 157
  • ONC (Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology), 21, 147
  • online asynchronous learning, 85
  • online synchronous learning, 85
  • Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards, 174, 175
  • ontology browsers/terminology, 156
  • open standards, 34–35, 111–13
  • OpenStand principles, 22
  • organizational security, 115
  • organization and storage, standards: collection development, 72–75; in electronic form, 74–75; in print form, 73–74
  • Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), 22, 119
  • organizations, health care standards, 159
  • original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), 200
  • OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), 21, 34, 123, 129, 156

P

  • Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC), 117–18
  • Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), 118
  • PASC (Pacific Area Standards Congress), 117–18
  • passive learning, 85
  • Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), 138
  • patents, 46, 111–13, 138–39
  • Patents and Standards (Taffet and Harris), 139
  • patient medical records, 6
  • Paws Off Act (2021), 182
  • Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard, Security Standards Council, 124
  • PBLI (practice-based learning and improvement), Core Competencies 5 and 6, 145
  • PCI (Payment Card Industry) Data Security Standard, Security Standards Council, 124
  • PDFs: with DRM restrictions, 60; in print or electronic format, 72, 73; single-use, 54; standards purchased electronically and individually, 69, 70
  • performance standards, 24
  • permissions, verbal expressions, 51
  • personal certification, business standards, 125–26
  • Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), 157
  • personal protective equipment (PPE), 32, 129, 153
  • pharmaceutical reference standards, 157
  • PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act), 157
  • Plugs and Sockets etc. (Safety) Regulations 1994, 125
  • PMI (product and manufacturing information), 226
  • policy, standards collection development, 66–68
  • possibility and capability, verbal expressions, 51
  • PPE (personal protective equipment), 32, 129, 153
  • practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI), Core Competencies 5 and 6, 145
  • print form: standards purchased in, 68–69, 72, 73; storage and organization of standards in, 73–74
  • privacy: health care standards, 157; security standards, 23
  • product and manufacturing information (PMI), 226
  • products, 46, 147–49, 153, 217, 226
  • property, 97, 110, 112, 138–40
  • PTO (Patent and Trademark Office), 138
  • purchases, standards: electronic, 69–71; in print form, 68–69, 72, 73
  • Purdue University, Standards are Everywhere Tutorials, 97

Q

R

  • railroads, 7, 8 “railroad time,” 5
  • recommendations, verbal expressions, 51
  • reference models, ICT standards, 111
  • regional standards, 17
  • regulations, 125, 146, 157; standards, codes and, 17–18; U.S. CFR, 46, 48, 135, 137
  • Request for Comments (RFC) Editor website, 34–35
  • requirements, verbal expressions, 51
  • RFC (Request for Comments) Editor website, 34–35
  • RxNorm, 155, 156

S

  • SAC (Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China, 2035
  • Standards Plan), 32
  • SAE (Society of Automotive Engineering), 28, 36
  • SAE International, 69, 75
  • SAE Mobilus, 75
  • Safe Medical Device Act, 146
  • safety, 30, 31, 33, 46, 123, 125
  • Safety Reporting Portal, FDA, 158
  • safety standards, 9, 29, 156, 216, 217. See also health and safety SAI Global, 47, 71, 72
  • Salisbury, F., 84
  • SARSO (South Asian Regional Standards Organization), 118
  • SCDOT (South Carolina Department of Transportation), 195–96
  • science, 4–5, 105, 113, 114, 157, 202–5. See also health sciences science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), 76, 97, 215
  • scientific community, 8–9
  • scientific method, 4–5
  • SDAC (Standards Development and Accreditation Committee), Australia, 33
  • SDOs. See standards developing organizations
  • search: ASSIST Quick Search and military standards, 47; engines, 53–54; for health care standards, 158; for standards, 57, 58–59. See also databases
  • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 123
  • security, 22–23, 97, 113–15, 119, 124, 125
  • Security Standards Council Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard, 124
  • Sentinel Initiative, FDA, 151, 158
  • SEP (standard-essential patent), 139
  • SES (Society for Standards Professionals), 96, 97
  • SI (International System of Units), 10
  • SIBR (Standards Incorporated by Reference) database, NIST, 48, 135
  • SNOMED-CT (Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms), 155, 156
  • social media feeds, 36
  • societal security, 115
  • Society for Standards Professionals (SES), 96, 97
  • Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE), 28, 36
  • software security, 114
  • software standards, 22, 110, 111
  • South Asian Regional Standards Organization (SARSO), 118
  • South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT), 195–96
  • South Korea, 31, 33, 36
  • specifications, ICT standards, 111
  • Spectrum Quality Standards, 126
  • SpringShare LTI, 171
  • SSCD (Standards Services Curricula Development) Cooperative Agreement Program, NIST, 96
  • stakeholder benefits, standards, 11–12
  • standard-essential patent (SEP), 139
  • standardization, 3–8, 11–13, 31, 95, 117–18, 123. See also European Standardization Organizations; International Organization for Standardization
  • Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China (SAC, 2035 Standards Plan), 32
  • standardization development process: conformity assessment and certification, 35; dissemination, 35–36; government standards, 34; open standards, 34–35; of other standards, 30–31; SDOs and, 27–31, 35–36; in U.S. compared to other countries, 31–33; visualization, 29; voluntary consensus, 28–30
  • Standardization News magazine, 35
  • standardization process, 6, 16, 44–45, 96, 110–11, 178, 203, 211
  • Standard Practice for Thermal Diffusivity, Flash Method, 211, 212
  • standards, 9–11, 18; defined, 3, 14, 15–16, 53, 111–12; dissemination of, 28, 35–36, 214; by economic sector, 19–24; history, 3, 4–8, 12–13, 145–47; mandatory, 16–17, 30–31, 125; voluntary, 7, 16–17, 21, 110, 125, 128, 129. See also specific topics standards, discovering and accessing: aggregator databases, 54, 55, 55, 59; challenges, 57–60; costs, 57, 58; DRM restrictions, 60, 64; freely available full-text standards, 60, 61–63, 63; full-text access restrictions, 57, 60; information literacy and access to, 48; library catalogs/discovery layers, 54, 55; library databases, 55, 57; SDOs databases, 54, 55, 59; search engines, 53–54; searching for, 57, 58–59
  • Standards are Everywhere Tutorials, Purdue University, 97
  • Standards Aware, 97
  • standards collection development: aggregator databases and services, 70–71; IHS Global standards store, 71–72; models of, 68–72; PDFs purchased individually and electronically, 69, 70; policy, 66–68; purchase in print, 68–69, 72, 73; storage and organization, 72–75; subscriptions purchased electronically, 69–70
  • standards developing organizations (SDOs): ANSI and, 16–17; databases, 54, 55, 59; documentary standards, 19; educational resources, 94–96; freely available full-text standards and, 60, 61–63, 63; history of, 8–10; ICT, 110, 112, 116–19; international, 47; law standards and, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140; models of collection practices, 68–72; nongovernmental, 16; standardization development process and, 27–31, 35–36; storage and organization, 73–75; style guidelines, 30
  • Standards Development and Accreditation Committee (SDAC), Australia, 33
  • standards development process, 15, 28, 29, 31, 175. See also standardization development process
  • Standards Incorporated by Reference (SIBR) database, NIST, 48, 135
  • standards information literacy: discovery of information, 46–48; education and, 44–45; grey literature and, 43; at Iowa State University, 169–72; new knowledge created with information, 49; solutions for lack of instruction, 82; structure of standard, 49–50; verbal expressions, 50–51. See also technical standards information literacy
  • Standards Services Curricula Development (SSCD) Cooperative Agreement Program, NIST, 96
  • Standards University, IEEE, 96
  • STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), 76, 97, 215
  • STEP AP242, 226
  • storage. See organization and storage, standards
  • students, 6, 83–84, 95; electrical engineering, 85, 86–87, 198; technical communication for engineering undergraduate, 214–18; technical standards and engineering, 173–76. See also educational resources
  • style guidelines, SDOs, 30
  • subclauses and clauses, standard structure, 50
  • subscriptions, standards electronically purchased, 69–70
  • system architecture, ICT standards, 111
  • Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine—Clinical Terms (SNOMED-CT), 155, 156
  • system security, 115

T

  • TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 28
  • teaching: health care providers and resources for, 153; technical standards, 81–93. See also technical standards information literacy
  • Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 28
  • technical communication, for engineering undergraduate students, 214–18
  • technical standards, 138; engineering students and, 173–76; health care with or engineering or, 154; teaching and learning, 81–93
  • technical standards information literacy: advocating for, 81–82, 90–91; assessment, 88–89, 89; electrical engineering curriculum mapping example, 87; instructional development toolkit, 86; instructional planning, 83–87
  • “Technical Standards meet Administrative Law” (Bremer), 138
  • technology, 6, 33, 58, 105, 106, 118, 185; computer graphics, 225–28; cybersecurity, 22, 97, 113–15, 119, 124, 125; with intellectual property law, 138–40; NCBI, 148, 155, 156; ONC, 21, 147; RIT, 220, 222; standards, 9–10; STEM, 76, 97, 215. See also Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology; electronic form, standards; engineering technology, engineering and; information and communication technologies; information technology; National Institute of Standards and Technology
  • Techstreet, 47, 48, 71–72, 75
  • telecommunications, 22, 31, 47, 111–12, 117, 137
  • TEMPs (tissue-engineered medical products), 148
  • terminology, 8, 111, 155–56
  • terms and definitions, standard structure, 50
  • Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity, Flash Method, 211, 212
  • text: economic exchange in ancient, 4; full-text standards, 57, 60, 61–63, 63
  • 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 119
  • timekeeping, time zones, 5
  • tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs), 148
  • title and designation, standard structure, 49
  • toy safety, 29, 216, 217
  • training, 82, 95
  • “Train-the-Trainer” educational initiatives, 82
  • transportation engineering, 206–9
  • truth, scientific method and, 4–5
  • 2035 Standards Plan (SAC, Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China), 32
  • 21st Century Cures Act (2016), 146

U

  • U.K. (United Kingdom), 125, 127, 157
  • UL (Underwriters Laboratory), 75
  • ultrasound, 155
  • UMDNS (Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System), 147, 156, 159
  • UMLS Metathesaurus Browser, 156
  • Underwriters Laboratory (UL), 75
  • United Kingdom (U.K.), 125, 127, 157
  • United Nations, 117, 147
  • United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC), 147, 155
  • United States (U.S.), 7, 23–24, 34, 136, 139, 217, 228; CFR, 46, 48, 135, 137; Department of Commerce, 97, 118; Department of HHS, 21, 135, 137, 147; Department of Transportation, 178; Department of War, 9; GAAP, 123, 129; ICT SDOs, 118–19; standardization development process, 31–33; USDA, 21, 146
  • United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), 10, 157, 158
  • Universal Medical Device Nomenclature System (UMDNS), 147, 156, 159
  • Universal Serial Bus (USB) device, 226
  • University Outreach Program, IEEE, 44–45
  • UNSPSC (United Nations Standard Products and Services Code), 147, 155
  • U.S. See United States USB (Universal Serial Bus) device, 226
  • USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), 21, 146
  • USP (United States Pharmacopeial Convention), 10, 157, 158

V

  • Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 158
  • verbal expressions, 50–51
  • Version 2—syntactics, 156
  • Version 3—semantics, 156
  • voluntary consensus standards, 28–30
  • voluntary standards, 7, 16–17, 21, 110, 125, 128, 129

W

  • W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 22, 112, 120
  • Web Content Accessibility, 192
  • “When Standards Collide with Intellectual Property” (Dahl), 139
  • wireless local area networks (WLAN) systems, 199–200, 201
  • World Intellectual Property Organization, 138
  • World War II, 9
  • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 22, 112, 120

X

  • Xplore database, IEEE, 74, 199
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