Index

Zeller, Thomas

Consuming Landscapes: What We See When We Drive and Why It Matters

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate maps or photographs.

Abbey, Edward, 151
Abbott, Stanley, 124, 126–27, 128, 129
“Adolf-Hitler-Pass,” 108, 157, 160
African Americans: displacement of, 163–64
- exclusion of, 4, 65–66, 83, 152–53, 175
- and walking, 9
airmindedness, 5. See also aviation
alpine roads: competition between, 43, 92, 94, 110–12
- cultural elements of, 88–92
- influence of, 21–23, 26, 31, 36–44, 45, 54, 173
- rise of alpine motoring, 36–40
- speed of, 41, 104, 105
- topography, 88, 89–90. See also German Alpine Road
altitude. See elevation
American Association of State Highway Officials, 185n25
American Automobile Association, 185n25
American Society of Civil Engineers, 138
Amerika (Kafka), 182n27
Appalachia: as culturally distinct, 88, 89
- Intermountain Motorway proposal, 122
- topography of, 89
- as tourist attraction, 116–17. See also Blue Ridge Parkway
Appalachian Trail, 110, 120
Army Corps of Engineers, 149
Atlantic Highway, 29
Austria: annexation of, 111
- autobahn in, 76, 207n44
- Dolomite Road, 42
- Großglockner High Alpine Road, 111–12
- tourism, 43, 89, 92, 94, 111
autobahn, 76, 79, 142
- construction of, 57, 74–78, 80
- design, 77–79, 79, 87, 99, 165
- and exclusion, 83
- expansion of, 141–42, 143, 207n44
- politics of, 74–76, 78, 80–83
- propaganda on, 74–77, 78, 113
- and speed, 104
auto hiking, 104–5, 105, 141, 161
autostrada, 73, 93
aviation, 5, 18, 26, 40, 179
Axenstraße, 21, 22, 23, 36

backwardness, 88, 90, 116, 129–30
Bad Reichenhall, 91
Baltimore, highway case study, 139
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 149
Baltimore-Washington Parkway, 145
Barschel, Hans, 81
Bauhaus architecture, 56, 82
Bavaria: as culturally distinct, 84–85, 88, 89, 90
- road proposals and debates, 88, 93–97
- tourism in, 89–93, 103, 153–54, 157–58, 161–62. See also German Alpine Road
beautification, 68–69, 71, 150
beauty strips, 46
Bel Geddes, Norman, 140
Belloc, Hilaire, 24, 53
bicycling, 26, 27, 182n13
Bierbaum, Otto Julius, 37
billboards, 51, 52, 59, 60, 61, 71, 150
Black Forest proposal, 114, 207n44
Blue Ridge Parkway, 129, 130, 131
- compared to German Alpine Road, 2–3, 6, 86, 133–34
- completion of, 6, 151–52
- and conservationists and hikers, 3, 120, 122–26, 128, 132, 135, 151
- construction of, 126–27, 127
- control of scenery in, 128–32
- design, 86, 118–29, 134, 173, 175
- funding, 6, 86, 117
- and guidebooks, 136, 162–63
- influence of, 173, 174
- land purchases, 130–31
- local tensions, 3, 129–32
- map, 125
- numbers of visitors, 132–33
- origins of, 115, 117–18
- politics of, 2, 6, 86–88, 115–16, 119–29, 132, 133, 134, 175–76
- and racial exclusion, 152–53, 175
- routing of, 86, 119, 120, 123–26, 132
- as subject, 2–3
- topography, 89
border crossings, 188n66
bridges, 61, 63, 102, 104, 106, 113, 152
Bronx River Parkway, 59–65, 60, 61, 62, 80–82, 137
Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, 209n82
Brown, Denise Scott, 166
Browning, R. Getty, 123, 126, 134
Bunshaft, Gordon, 82
Bureau of Public Roads: coordination with NPS, 44–45, 50–51
- focus on utility, 26, 50, 139
- and funding, 28
- and interstate highways, 139–40, 141
- proposals, 137–38, 147, 206n27
- roadmindedness of, 26, 32, 44–45, 71–72
buses, 65–66, 189n92, 194n24

cable cars, 35, 102
California redwoods, 45–46, 64
Cammerer, Arno, 123, 124
carriage transportation, 10, 51
cars: as aspirational, 17–18
- challenges of early, 15, 37–39
- and class, 14–18, 74
- and consumerism, 85
- German ownership and interest in, 17–18, 72–73, 74, 75, 85, 112
- mass production of, 18, 72, 75, 172
- safety focus, 168–69
- and technological optimism, 121, 171
- US ownership, 15–18, 72
- Volkswagen, 75–76. See also driving
Casagrande, Arthur and Leo, 112
Central Park (NY), 10
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 148, 148–49
Chicago, parkways in, 52, 53
Christomannos, Theodor, 42
cinematic imagery, 40–41, 104–5, 126–27
civil engineers: and autobahn, 78
- criticism of, 30, 165–67
- and international exchanges, 31–32, 173
- and NPS, 50–51
- as political actors, 28, 44, 54
- and rise of highways, 7, 139, 165–67
- and rise of roadmindedness, 24, 26, 27–30, 54
- tensions with landscape architects, 69, 141, 176
Civilian Conservation Corps, 86–87, 132, 149
Clarke, Gilmore D.: on autobahn, 79
- Bronx River Parkway, 59–65
- career, 57–58, 60–61, 65, 82, 113
- criticism of, 167
- Garden State Parkway, 145
- influence of, 6, 55–56, 80, 121
- influences on, 82
- on landscape designers, 209n79
- roadmindedness of, 56, 57–58
class: and commuting, 8
- and conservation, 30
- and driving, 14–18, 37, 53, 74, 173
- and hiking, 8–10, 9, 18, 34, 36
- and parkways, 51, 65–66, 174
- and railroad travel, 15, 37, 173
- and riding, 10
- and speed, 179
- and tourism, 14–15, 116
- and walking, 7–10
Cleveland, Horace, 67
Col de l’Iseran pass (France), 42–43
Columbia River Highway, 20–23, 22, 31, 36
Commoner, Barry, 167
communism, 17, 95, 172
commutes, 8
Connecticut, parkways in, 67
conservationists and environmentalism: and Blue Ridge Parkway, 3, 120, 122–26, 128, 132, 135, 151
- and class, 30
- criticism of road projects, 3–4, 170
- and eugenics, 64, 174
- in Germany, 3, 35, 87–88, 108, 114–15, 158–59, 175–77
- and immigration anxiety, 46
- and interstate highways, 137
- and landscape architects, 58–59
- and railroads, 13, 172
- rise of, 3–4, 30
- and roadmindedness, 24, 29–30
- and shift from roadmindedness, 167, 171–72
- and Swiss tourism, 35. See also wilderness
consumerism, 72, 73, 75–76, 85, 142, 168, 171, 173–74, 175
control, social, 63–64, 139, 174. See also displacement
control of scenery: and Blue Ridge Parkway, 128–32
- and Bronx River Parkway, 63–64
- in Germany, 2, 108–9
- as goal in US, 1–2, 172
Cumberland Knob, 132
curves, 184n6

Demaray, Arthur, 137
design: autobahn, 77–79, 79, 87, 99, 165
- Blue Ridge Parkway, 86, 118–29, 134, 173, 175
- Bronx River Parkway, 59–61, 63–64
- English landscape influences, 7–8, 63
- European influence on US roads, 31, 45
- German Alpine Road, 86, 97–99, 101, 102–4, 113, 134, 173, 175
- Großglockner road, 111
- influence of US parkways on Germany, 73, 77–78, 80, 83, 114, 134, 141, 173
- interstate highways, 140, 143
- language, 61
- later parkways, 145
- similarities between US and Germany, 3, 174–75
- Swiss influence on, 21–23, 26, 31, 34, 36, 48, 54, 173
Deutsche Alpenstraße. See German Alpine Road
Deutscher Touring Club, 194n25
DeVoto, Bernard, 143
displacement: and Blue Ridge Parkway, 128–29, 132
- and Bronx River Parkway, 59–60, 62, 63–64, 83
- as cost of scenery, 56, 171, 174
- and eugenics, 57, 64, 174
- and interstate highways, 139, 163–64, 165, 180
- and Moses, 66, 164
- and Shenandoah National Park, 117, 128–29
- and Skyline Drive, 118
Dixie Highway, 29
Dolomite Road, 42
Douglas, William O., 148, 149
Downer, Jay, 63, 138
driving: alpine motoring, 36–40
- and authenticity, 35, 44
- challenges of early cars, 15, 37–39
- and class, 14–18, 37, 53, 173
- as connecting to nature, 2, 3–4, 21, 30, 51, 56, 72, 105–6
- and consumerism, 85
- as disconnecting from nature, 3–4, 30, 167, 180
- education of drivers, 85, 93
- freedom via, 15, 37, 41, 172
- and gender, 38
- in German literature, 84–85
- as recreation, 3, 5–6, 53
- restrictions on Jews, 75, 83, 107
- and technological optimism, 121, 171. See also cars

“Eagle’s Nest,” 101–2
Earth Day, 167
easements, scenic, 203n156
Edge, Rosalie, 135
elevation: Blue Ridge Parkway, 6, 104, 116, 118, 119, 123, 126, 127–28, 134, 175
- German Alpine Road, 6, 97, 98–99, 102, 104, 108, 111, 134, 154, 158, 175
- hiking trails, 110
- and Swiss railroad tourism, 36
- turn away from, 180
Eliot, Charles W., II, 204n4
embankments, 13, 14, 59–60
England: commuting, 182n13
- demand for roads, 31–32
- and embankments, 13, 14
- influence on road design, 7–8, 63
- Lake District, 186n31
- and tourism in Alps, 34, 35
erosion control, 68, 69
eugenics, 4, 57, 64, 174
Europe: beautification as European, 68
- class and car ownership, 17–18
- class and walking, 8–9
- competition of scenic roads, 41–44
- military use of roads, 36, 38, 42
- and US design, 31, 45
exclusion: in Germany, 4, 75, 83, 96, 107, 175
- and national identity, 85
- in US, 4, 46, 65–66, 83, 152–53, 175

Federal Aid Road Act (1916), 121
fences, 154–55
Feuchtwanger, Lion, 85
flankline roads, 122
Foothills Parkway, 203n148
Ford, Henry, 75, 114
Fordism, 18, 72, 75, 114, 172, 175
Ford Model T, 183n41
France: road-building expertise, 28, 31
- tourism, 42–43
Franz Joseph I, 12
freeway revolts, 163–64, 165, 180
Freud, Sigmund, 99–100
“Futurama” exhibit, 140, 140–41

Gaisberg Road (Austria), 194n22
garden design, 7–8
Garden State Parkway, 145
gender: and beautification, 68, 71
- and driving, 38
- and tourism, 36
- and walking, 9
General Motors, 140, 140–41
German Alpine Road, 105, 106, 155
- and autobahn, 79
- compared to Blue Ridge Parkway, 2–3, 6, 86, 133–34
- and conservationists, 3, 114–15, 158–59, 175, 177
- construction, 99–104, 113, 156
- costs, 104, 196n51
- cultural elements, 88–93, 91
- design, 86, 97–99, 101, 102–4, 113, 134, 173, 175
- extension into Austria, 111–12
- funding, 6, 86, 154–55, 157
- and guidebooks, 104, 105, 107, 160–62, 163
- and hiking, 3, 104, 108, 109–10, 114, 135, 158–59, 175, 177
- as incomplete, 6, 102, 153, 160, 161, 176
- influence of, 112–15, 173, 174
- local tensions, 3, 107–9, 154–55
- maintenance of, 154–55, 198n79
- origins of, 93–96
- and politics, 2, 6, 86–88, 134, 175–76
- routing of, 86, 99, 100, 111–12
- as subject, 2–3
- topography, 88–90
- after WWII, 153–62
German and Austrian Alpine Association, 42
Germany: car ownership and interest, 17–18, 72–73, 74, 75, 85, 112
- conservationists in, 3, 35, 87–88, 108, 114–15, 158–59, 175–77
- consumerism in, 72, 73, 75–76, 85, 142, 173–74, 175
- early road engineering and expansion, 28, 29
- interstate highway expansion, 141–42
- interwar period, 44, 57, 73–74, 80
- named roads, 205n23
- and national identity, 3, 56, 85
- roadmindedness, rise of, 23–26
- shift away from roadmindedness, 165–67
- US comparison, 3, 170–78
- US exchanges, 112–13, 143. See also autobahn; German Alpine Road; Nazi Germany
Gibb, George S., 31–32
Giedion, Sigfried, 66
Glacier National Park, 48, 50, 135
Good Roads Movement, 26, 27
Göring, Hermann, 115
Gotthard Pass, 37
Gotthard Tunnel, 35
grades, 61, 63, 121, 182n31
Grand Canyon National Park, 16, 48
Grandfather Mountain, 123, 152
Grand Rounds (Minneapolis), 67–68
Grant, Madison, 46, 64
Great Depression, 68, 86–88, 93, 117, 118, 120, 174
Great River Road, 148
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 117, 119, 124, 126, 128, 150, 203n148. See also Blue Ridge Parkway
Green Book, 152
greenhouse gas emissions, 4
Green Mountain Parkway proposal, 145
Großglockner (mountain), 43, 111
Großglockner High Alpine Road, 111–12
Gubbels, Jacobus “Jac,” 68–71
guidebooks, 37, 39, 104, 105, 107, 136, 152, 160–63

Hafraba Road (Germany), 73, 96
ha-ha, 7–8
Halprin, Lawrence, 165–66
Hauser, Heinrich, 104
Herrenchiemsee castle, 90, 93
Hess, Rudolf, 113
High Alpine Road (Austria), 111–12
Highway Beautification Bill, 150
highways. See interstate highways
hiking: in Appalachia, 116, 120
- as authentic, 35
- auto hiking, 104–5, 105, 141, 161
- and Bavarian tourism, 92
- and Blue Ridge Parkway, 3, 120, 122, 124, 128, 132, 135
- and class, 8–10, 9, 18, 34, 36
- and C&O Canal proposal, 148, 149
- and gender, 36
- and German Alpine Road, 3, 104, 108, 109–10, 114, 135, 158–59, 175, 177
Hindenburg Mountain, 160
Hitler, Adolf: and autobahn, 74–75, 99
- “Eagle’s Nest,” 101–2
- and German Alpine Road, 93, 96, 97–99, 98, 105, 107, 108, 113, 157, 160, 175, 176
- interest in infrastructure, 87
- in literature, 85
- and passion plays, 92
Hitler Mountain, 160
Hochgrat summit (Germany), 99
horse transportation, 10, 51, 172
Hundhammer, Alois, 94

Ickes, Harold, 117, 123, 124–25, 126, 128, 133, 138
Ilf, Ilya, 1, 171
immigration, 46, 59–60, 63–64, 83
international aspects of roadmindedness: and competition for scenic roads, 41–44, 92, 94, 110–12
- and conferences, 26, 31–32
- exchanges in, 23, 25, 26, 112–13, 143, 173
- and regional expression, 30–31, 173
- rise of, 30–32
International Road Congress, 31–32, 63, 95, 113, 173
interstate highways: construction costs, 142–43
- design, 140, 143
- expansion in Germany and Italy, 141–42
- expansion in Italy, 141–42
- freeway revolts, 163–64, 165, 180
- vs. parkways, 136, 138–39, 143–45, 168
- proposed US national (1922), 49–50
- rise of, 138–41, 143, 167, 177–78
Italy: alpine roads, 38–40, 39, 110
- autostrada, 73, 93
- influence on US design, 31
- interstate highway expansion, 141–42
- tourism, 42

Jackson, John Brinckerhoff, 166–67
Jews: and passion plays, 92
- restrictions on in Germany, 4, 75, 83, 96, 107, 175
- in Success (Feuchtwanger), 84
- tourism by, 91
Johnson, Lyndon B. and Lady Bird, 150
Jungfraujoch (mountain), 35–36

Kafka, Franz, 182n27
Kelsey, Harlan, 202n145
Kerouac, Jack, 210n7
Klemperer, Victor, 75
Knorz, August, 93–94, 96, 102–3
Kraft durch Freude, 109, 111, 157

Lam, Hezekiah, 118
Lancaster, Samuel, 21–22, 31, 50
Landmann, Ludwig, 96
landscape architects: and international exchanges, 173
- and NPS, 50–51, 59
- as political actors, 54, 57, 61, 80–83
- and public parks, 10
- roadmindedness of, 24, 54, 56, 57–59
- tensions between conservation and tourism, 58–59
- tensions with engineers, 69, 141, 176
- visibility of, 57, 58, 69, 80
landscape painting, 45
lanes, separation of, 51, 52
Lebrun, Albert, 42
Lincoln Highway, 29, 33
Linderhof castle, 90, 93, 197n57
literature, 53, 84–85
Long Island Motor Parkway, 186n38
Long Trail, 145
Lord, William, 162
Lower Manhattan Expressway, 209n82
Ludwig II, 90–92

MacDonald, Thomas H., 28, 32, 33, 71, 112, 123, 124, 137
MacKaye, Benton, 120–22
maintenance, 6, 24, 27, 154–55, 198n79
Major-Deegan Expressway, 209n82
Marshall, Robert, 125–26, 128, 135, 145, 172, 177
masculinity, 38
Mather, Stephen, 46, 47–50, 176
Maximiliansweg, 110
Merkel, Herman, 59
Merrick, Hugh, 38
military use of roads, 36, 38, 42
Minkson, DeHaven, 153
Minneapolis, parkways in, 67–68
Mission 66, 150–51
Mississippi, 145
Mississippi River Parkway, 145–48, 146, 147
Mitchell Point, 21, 22
Modernist movement, 82
modernity: and autobahn, 74, 75
- of cars, 73
- and design control, 64
- development vs. environment tensions, 2–4
- and interest in transportation, 18
- and landscape architects, 56, 59
- and national identity, 85
- and roadmindedness, 5, 24, 53, 54, 66, 80
- of speed, 179
Moses, Robert, 24, 55, 60, 65–66, 81, 164
motorcycle tourism, 189n92
Motor-Tourist, 40, 41
mountaineering, 34, 36, 42
Mount Mitchell, 116
Mount Rainier National Park, 48, 138
Mount Vernon Memorial Highway, 32, 71–72, 165
movement: desire for, 75, 77, 87
- as futuristic, 141
- of tourists, 14–15
Muir, John, 9, 13, 29, 30
Mumford, Lewis, 24, 66, 121–22, 164–65
Mussolini, Benito, 73, 93

Natchez Trace Parkway, 145
National Highway Users Conference, 139
national identity, 3, 43, 45–47, 56, 85
National Park Service: and BPR coordination, 44–45, 50–51
- civil engineers and landscape architects in, 50–51, 59
- focus on roads, 26, 30, 44–51, 119, 150, 151–52, 176–77
- focus on scenery, 30, 139
- founding of, 46–47
- goals, 47
- guidebooks by, 162
- Mission 66, 150–51
- proposed but unbuilt parkways, 48–49, 49, 137–38, 145–49, 206n27
- and railroads, 45, 47
- and segregation, 152–53, 175. See also Blue Ridge Parkway
Natural Bridge (VA), 203n151
nature: driving as connecting to, 2, 3–4, 21, 30, 51, 56, 72, 105–6
- driving as disconnecting from, 3–4, 30, 167, 180
- and public parks, 10
- and railroads, 2, 13, 25, 30
Nazi Germany: and autobahn, 57, 74–78, 80, 87
- and desire for movement, 75, 77, 87–88
- environmentalism in, 87–88, 108, 176
- and German Alpine Road, 6, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95–102, 157, 159–60, 161–62, 175–76
- and landscape of Europe, 112
- restrictions on Jewish drivers, 4, 75, 83, 96, 107, 175
Neuschwanstein castle, 90, 92, 93
New Jersey, 145
New York: Bronx River Parkway, 59–65, 60, 61, 62, 80–82, 137
- car ownership in, 183n40
- parkways system, 64–65, 67, 145
- Taconic State Parkway, 66, 137–38
- World’s Fair 1939, 140, 140–41
North Carolina: and Blue Ridge Parkway, 2, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123–26, 152
- economy of, 116. See also Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Oberammergau, 92, 158
Obersalzberg (mountain), 99–102
observation points and towers, 10–11, 48, 104
oil companies, 139
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 10, 51, 58
Oregon, Columbia River Highway in, 20–23, 22, 31

panoramas, 10, 11
parks: and carriage transport, 10
- and national identity, 45
- proposed park-to-park highway, 48–49, 49
- and railroads, 45, 47
- roadside parks, 48
- shift in meaning of, 51. See also National Park Service
parkways: and class, 51, 65–66, 174
- and exclusion, 152–53
- focus on in US, 51, 57, 66–72, 80–83, 118–19
- and guidebooks, 136
- influence on German design, 73, 77–78, 80, 83, 114, 134, 141, 173
- vs. interstate highways, 136, 138–39, 143–45, 168
- and modernity, 66
- proposed but unbuilt, 137–38, 145–49, 180, 206n27
- and right-of-way, 114, 121
- rise of, 51–53
- speed of, 26, 175, 186n38
- as term, 51
- and townless highway, 121, 124, 137. See also specific roads, i.e. Blue Ridge Parkway
passes, 37, 42–43, 97, 98–99, 100, 108, 157, 160
passion plays, 92
patriotism, 46–47, 72, 75, 77
Pei, I. M., 82
Pen-Mar Park, 11
Pennsylvania Turnpike, 144
Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC), 31–32, 63, 95, 113, 173
Petrov, Evgeny, 1, 171
Poincaré, Raymond, 42
Poland, landscape changes in, 112
politics: and autobahn, 74–76, 78, 80–83
- and Blue Ridge Parkway, 2, 6, 86–88, 115–16, 119–29, 132, 133, 134, 175–76
- civil engineers as political actors, 28, 44, 54
- and German Alpine Road, 2, 6, 86–88, 134, 175–76
- landscape architects as political actors, 57, 61, 80–83
- and literature, 84–85
- and Moses, 65
- and roadmindedness, 26, 27–32, 54, 56
Post, Edwin, 187n48
Post, Emily, 24, 33–34
postcards, 91
prison labor, 109, 198n79, 200n115
propaganda: on autobahn, 74–77, 78, 113
- and “Eagle’s Nest,” 101–2
property values and taxes, 64, 191n9
public relations and campaigns: and autobahn, 74–77, 78
- and Bronx River Parkway, 59–60, 60–61
- and German Alpine Road, 94, 96, 103
- roadmindedness in, 24
- use by Gubbels, 69
public transportation, 8, 16. See also railroads

Queralpenstraße term, 161

race and racism: and displacement, 163–64
- and exclusion in Germany, 4, 75, 83, 96, 107, 175
- and exclusion in US, 4, 65–66, 83, 152–53, 175
- and walking, 9
radios, 169
railroads: B & O Railroad, 149
- and class, 15, 37, 173
- and commodification of scenery, 10–13
- decline of in US, 143
- and demand for roads, 27
- embankments, 13, 14, 59–60
- engineering, 58, 78
- and environmentalism, 13, 172
- and national parks, 45, 47
- as old and dirty, 121, 171
- reliance on in Germany, 73–74
- scenery changes from, 12, 13, 14, 18
- and Seifert, 58
- and speed, 12, 18, 179
- as spoiling nature, 2, 13, 25, 30
- and state incomes, 74
- and tourism, 10–13, 34–36, 42, 92, 116, 192
- and weather, 28
ramps and parkways, 51, 59, 61, 63
Rapuano, Michael, 65, 167
redwood tree preservation, 45–46, 64
Reich Labor Service, 87
Rhön mountains, 200n115
right-of-way, 61, 63, 114, 121, 130–31, 137, 201n128
roadmindedness: and alpine roads, 36–44
- assumption of benefit in, 5, 6, 24
- and cinematic imagery, 40–41
- of civil engineers, 24, 26, 27–30, 54
- and conservationists, 24, 29–30
- defined, 5, 23–24
- of landscape architects, 24, 54, 56, 57–59
- literary interest in, 53
- and modernity, 5, 24, 53, 54, 66, 80
- of NPS, 26, 30, 44–51, 150, 151–52, 176–77
- and politics, 26, 27–32, 54, 56
- rise of, 5, 6, 23–25, 26, 33–34
- shift away from, 163–68, 171–72. See also international aspects of roadmindedness
roads: decline of interest in, 160–63
- and economic growth, 5, 24, 26, 27, 44
- intrinsic value of, 24
- signaling role of, 151
Romantic Road (Germany), 205n23
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 118, 126, 137, 138
Route des Alpes, 42–43
Rudorff, Ernst, 35
Ruskin, John, 12, 186n31

Save the Redwoods League, 46
scenery: appreciation before cars, 7–12
- commodification of, 10–13, 22–23, 48–49
- decline of interest in, 160–62, 168
- effect of railroads on, 13, 14
- and horse transport, 10
- interstate highways vs. parkways, 143–45
- perception of view and speed, 12, 18, 70, 71
- role in modern travel, 178–80
- as static, 14
scenic byway designation, 150
scenic easements, 203n156
scenic infrastructure: described, 5
- maintenance needs, 6
- as national projects, 2–3
- overview of, 24–26
- of railroads, 10–11, 18
- regional style in, 56, 82
- shift away from, 3–4, 7
Schmithals, Hans, 161
Schwenkel, Hans, 135
“See America First” campaign, 46–47
Seebohm, Hans-Christoph, 24, 156–57, 160
segregation. See race and racism
Seifert, Alwin: and autobahn, 74, 77, 78, 79–80
- career, 57–58, 79–80
- and German Alpine Road, 114–15
- influence of, 6, 55–56, 80
- influences on, 82
- roadmindedness of, 56, 57–58
Sequoia National Park, 49, 138
Shenandoah National Park, 117, 119, 127, 128–29. See also Blue Ridge Parkway
shipping, 18, 26
Siebert, Ludwig, 95, 96
Sierra Club, 151
Sierra Way proposal, 206n27
Simonson, Wilbur H., 71
skiing, 157–58, 194n21
Skyline Drive, 117, 118, 122, 139
slum clearances, 139, 163
soil conservation, 87, 132
Soil Conservation Service, 87
Soviet Union, 1, 112
space, shrinking of, 179–80
speed: and alpine tourism, 41, 104–5
- and autobahn, 104
- of aviation, 26, 179
- and Blue Ridge Parkway, 118
- and class, 179
- and hiking, 36, 104–5
- and interstate highways, 143, 144
- as modern, 178–79
- and parkways, 26, 175, 186n38
- and perception of view, 12, 18, 70, 71
- and railroads, 12, 18, 179
- slow speeds as deliberate, 25–26, 178–79
Stelvio road, 38–40, 39
Stephen, Leslie, 36
Strache, Wolf, 161
Success (Feuchtwanger), 84–85
switchbacks, 38
Switzerland: influence on design, 21–23, 26, 31, 34, 36, 48, 54, 173
- tourism in, 34–36, 37, 89

Taconic State Parkway, 66, 137–38
technological optimism, 121, 171
Tennessee: Blue Ridge Parkway, 119, 120, 123–26, 175
- economy of, 116
- Foothills Parkway, 203n148
- Natchez Trace Parkway, 145. See also Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Tennessee Valley Authority, 86, 126
Texas, beautification in, 68–69, 71
Todt, Fritz: and autobahn, 77–78, 80
- and Black Forest road, 114
- and German Alpine Road, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102–3, 104, 105, 107–9, 112, 113–15, 134, 175, 176
- on leisure, 75
- roadmindedness of, 24, 134, 141
Touring Club of France, 42
tourism: and alpine roads, 36–44, 173
- in Appalachia, 116, 117, 119
- in Austria, 43, 89, 92, 94, 111
- authenticity of, 35, 44
- in Bavaria, 89–93, 103, 153–54, 157–58, 161–62
- and Blue Ridge Parkway, 86, 88, 89, 132–33
- by bus, 189n92, 194n24
- and class, 14–15, 116
- disdain for auto tourism, 135, 151, 159, 172, 178
- in France, 42–43
- about Hitler, 101–2
- in Italy, 42
- Kraft durch Freude agency, 109, 111, 157
- and landscape architects, 58–59
- and railroads, 10–13, 34–36, 42, 92, 116, 192
- and “See America First” campaign, 46–47
- ski, 157–58, 194n21
- in Switzerland, 34–36, 37, 89
- tourists as in motion, 14–15
tourways proposal, 138
“townless highway,” 121, 124, 137
travelogues, 33–34
trucking lobby, 136, 138–39, 141–42, 143
tunnels, 21, 22, 34–35, 36, 104, 127, 154

underpasses, 61, 63
United States: car ownership in, 15–18, 72
- consumerism in, 72, 85, 173–74, 175
- continental roads, 29
- exclusion and racism in, 4, 65–66, 83, 152–53, 175
- as exotic, 33
- federal/state cooperation, 44–45, 115
- Germany comparison, 3, 170–78
- Germany exchanges, 112–13, 143
- influence on European roads, 45, 73, 77–78, 80, 83, 114, 134, 141, 173
- and national identity, 3, 45–47, 56, 85
- proposed but unbuilt parkways, 137–38, 145–49, 180, 206n27
- roadmindedness, rise of, 23–26
- shift away from roadmindedness, 163–65
- walking in, 8. See also interstate highways; National Park Service; parkways

Van Wyck Expressway, 209n82
Venturi, Robert, 166
Vermont, parkway proposal in, 145
viaducts, 21, 104, 163
Viennese High-Altitude Road, 43
Vilbig, Josef, 94–95, 97
Vint, Thomas, 124
Virginia: and Blue Ridge Parkway, 2, 117, 119, 125, 130, 132, 152
- economy of, 116
- and Skyline Drive, 117, 118, 122
Volkswagen, 75–76

Wagner, Richard, 90
walking, 7–10, 18
Wallack, Franz, 43
Washington, George, 149
weather, 27–28, 107, 136
wilderness: access to, 29, 123
- and Blue Ridge Parkway, 122–26, 128, 132, 135, 151
- and Germany, 158–59, 177
- movement, 122–26, 176, 177
- spoiling of with roads, 20, 151
- US interest in, 174. See also conservationists and environmentalism
Wilderness Act of 1964, 151, 159, 177
Wilderness Society, 122, 151
Wilson, Woodrow, 20–21, 29
Wirth, Conrad, 149
Wirth, Theodore, 68
women: in advertising, 52
- and beautification, 68, 71
- and hiking in Alps, 36
- and walking, 9
World’s Fair 1939, 140, 140–41
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 66–67

Yard, Robert Sterling, 48
Yellowstone National Park, 47, 48, 153–54
Yellowstone Trail, 29
Yosemite National Park, 47, 48, 58, 138

Zugspitze (mountain), 92

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

ISBN	9781421445649
Related ISBN(s)	9781421444826, 9781421444833
MARC Record	Download
OCLC	1345457466
Pages	241-248
Launched on MUSE	2022-09-23
Language	English
Open Access	Yes
Creative Commons	CC-BY

Consuming Landscapes: What We See When We Drive and Why It Matters

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