Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles

See also: WP:Citing sources and WP:Cleanup resources

This page contains the following:

• Issues with sources: this is for tagging issues with sources; they are either inline tags, or message boxes for sections or entire pages. You could also leave a note on the talk page asking for a source, or move the material to the talk page and ask for a source there. There are also some templates for search links to find sources. Transcluded from Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources.
• Including third-party content: these are templates for referencing content for some specific sources: United States government, public domain and wikis.
• Citations of specific sources: inline citation templates for a few specific sources.
• Citations of generic sources: general inline citation templates transcluded from Wikipedia:Citation templates

Issues with sources

Is the article worth it?

Before placing templates on a page it is worthwhile to consider whether it should in fact be included in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not. Some articles can be tagged for speedy deletion or marked as an article for deletion.

Dates

It is useful to add the date of the request (or sometimes, a bot will assist by doing it automatically) by appending |date=month year to the template code, like this: {{Unreferenced|date=November 2024}} to produce this:

Overarching copyright issues

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes)
{{copypaste}} category links talk edit
{{unattributed translation}} category links talk edit

Combined message boxes

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes) — multiple issues (top of article)
{{multiple issues}} links talk edit

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes) — multiple issues (section)
{{multiple issues|section=yes}} links talk edit

Verifiability and sources

Transcluded from Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup/Verifiability and sources

Message boxes

• For quotations used out of context, references to unrelated material, and other misuse of citations.
• Message boxes may be used at the top of an article, or in a specific section of an article.
• Individual message boxes may be combined.

Individual message boxes: Biographies of living persons

Tag	Individual message boxes, text that will be shown, and usage notes. (Boxes for both the top of an article, or a specific section of an article)
{{BLP IMDb refimprove}} category links talk edit
{{BLP primary sources}} category links talk edit
{{BLP self-published}} category links talk edit
{{BLP sources}} category links talk edit
{{BLP sources section}} category links talk edit
{{BLP unreferenced}} category links talk edit
{{BLP unreferenced section}} category links talk edit

Individual message boxes: Issues with citations and sources

Tag	Individual message boxes, text that will be shown, and usage notes. (Boxes for both the top of an article, or a specific section of an article)
{{cite check}} category links talk edit
{{cite check section}} category links talk edit
{{excessive citations}} category links talk edit
{{media IMDb refimprove}} category links talk edit
{{more citations needed}} category links talk edit
{{more citations needed section}} category links talk edit
{{More medical citations needed}} category links talk edit
{{more science citations needed}} category links talk edit
{{old news}} category links talk edit
{{one source}} category links talk edit
{{original research}} category links talk edit
{{primary sources}} category links talk edit
{{Self-sourcing examples}} category links talk edit
{{religious text primary}} category links talk edit
{{self-published}} category links talk edit
{{speculation}} category links talk edit
{{third-party}} category links talk edit
{{unreferenced category}} category links talk edit
{{unreferenced}} category links talk edit
{{unreferenced section}} category links talk edit
{{unreliable sources}} category links talk edit
{{user-generated}} category links talk edit

Individual message boxes: Issues with style or format

Tag	Individual message boxes, text that will be shown, and usage notes. (Boxes for both the top of an article, or a specific section of an article)
{{Citation style}} category links talk edit
{{Citations broken}} category links talk edit
{{Citations broken from PEIS limit}} category links talk edit
{{Cleanup bare URLs}} category links talk edit
{{Duplicated citations}} category links talk edit
{{Format footnotes}} category links talk edit
{{Full citations needed}} category links talk edit
{{Ibid}} category links talk edit
{{More footnotes needed}} category links talk edit
{{No footnotes}} category links talk edit
{{Page numbers improve}} category links talk edit
{{Page numbers needed}} category links talk edit

Tags inline with article text

Tag	Background info from Wikipedia namespace
{{according to whom}} links talk edit
{{additional citation needed}} links talk edit
{{attribution needed}} links talk edit
{{better source needed}} links talk edit
{{better source needed example}} links talk edit	Links to self-sourcing examples
{{by whom}} links talk edit
{{chronology citation needed}} links talk edit
{{circular reference}} links talk edit	When the sources copy Wikipedia material directly
{{circular reporting}} links talk edit	For the subtler case when you suspect the sources are based on facts first published at Wikipedia, but they didn't copy it directly
{{citation needed}} links talk edit
{{citation needed span}} links talk edit	The sun is hot.
{{clarify}} links talk edit
{{copyvio link}} links talk edit
{{dead link}} links talk edit
{{disambiguation needed}} links talk edit
{{disputed inline}} links talk edit
{{dubious}} links talk edit
{{episode needed}} links talk edit
{{example needed}} links talk edit
{{example needed span}} links talk edit	This is a claim that needs one or more examples.
{{excessive citations inline}} category links talk edit	For abuse of citations, per Wikipedia:Citation overkill.
{{explain}} links talk edit
{{failed verification}} links talk edit
{{full citation needed}} links talk edit
{{how}} links talk edit
{{medical citation needed}} links talk edit
{{medical citation needed span}} links talk edit	This is an uncited biomedical claim.
{{nonspecific}} links talk edit
{{not verified in body}} links talk edit
{{original research inline}} links talk edit
{{page needed}} links talk edit
{{primary source inline}} links talk edit
{{quantify}} links talk edit
{{quote without source}} links talk edit
{{registration required}} links talk edit	(registration required)
{{request quotation}} links talk edit
{{season needed}} links talk edit
{{self-published inline}} category links talk edit
{{self-published source}} category links talk edit
{{specify}} category links talk edit
{{synthesis inline}} links talk edit
{{third-party inline}} links talk edit
{{unreliable medical source}} links talk edit
{{unreliable source?}} links talk edit
{{update after}} links talk edit
{{user-generated inline}} category links talk edit
{{user-generated source}} category links talk edit
{{vague}} links talk edit
{{verify quote}} links talk edit
{{verify source}} links talk edit
{{volume needed}} links talk edit
{{when}} links talk edit
{{where}} links talk edit
{{which}} links talk edit
{{who}} links talk edit
{{whose quote}} links talk edit
{{why}} links talk edit
{{year missing}} links talk edit	Use when the year of publication of a source is needed
{{year needed}} links talk edit	Use when the date of an event is needed

Links for search

Tag	Text that will be shown (and usage notes)
{{find sources}} links talk edit	Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL
{{search}} links talk edit	( wp g b )

Including third-party content

United States federal government attribution templates

These templates can be added to articles (close to the end of the article, in the References or External links section, for example). Before adding the template to an article, check the details of the usage—some templates require parameters such as a URL. Most of these templates add the articles to the category Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government.

Template	Display
{{US Air Force}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force
{{AFHRA}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
{{Bioguide}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
{{CDC}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
{{CIA World Factbook}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
{{USCG}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Coast Guard.
{{Country study}} Talk	This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
{{DADS}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Paul E. Black. Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. NIST.
{{DANFS}} Talk	This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
{{DHS}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Homeland Security.
{{DoE}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Energy.
{{FJC Bio}} Talk	John Joseph Gibbons at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
{{FS1037C}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022.
{{FS1037C MS188}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. (in support of MIL-STD-188).
{{GHR}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Genetics Home Reference. United States National Library of Medicine.
{{Marine Corps}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
{{NARA}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Archives and Records Administration.
{{NASA}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
{{NCBI-handbook}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from NCBI Handbook. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
{{NCBI-scienceprimer}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Science Primer. NCBI. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009.
{{NCI-cancer-dict}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U.S. National Cancer Institute.
{{NHC}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command.
{{NIMH}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Institute of Mental Health.
{{NIOSH}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
{{NIST-PD}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
{{NLM content}} Talk	This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
{{NPS}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.
{{NTSB}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board.
{{NVR}} Talk	This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain.
{{OSGguide}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Solicitor General of the United States.
{{Recreation.Gov}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from Recreation.gov. Federal government of the United States.
{{US DOS}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State.
{{US DOS Background Notes}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
{{US Army}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army.
{{USACE.Army.Mil}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
{{USDA}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Agriculture.
{{HHS content}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
{{USGS}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
{{USGovernment}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.
{{USGovernment-Navy}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Navy.
{{USGovernment-courts}} Talk	This article incorporates written opinion of a United States federal court. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the text is in the public domain. "[T]he Court is unanimously of opinion that no reporter has or can have any copyright in the written opinions delivered by this Court." Wheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591, 668 (1834)
{{Usgs-gazetteer}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from " ". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

United States state government attribution templates

From Category:United States State government attribution templates:

Template	Display
{{CAGovernment}}	This article incorporates text from {{{sourceURL}}}, a public domain work of the Government of California.
{{California tourist guide}}	Drury, Wells; Drury, Aubrey (1913). California tourist guide and handbook: authentic description of routes of travel and points of interest in California. Western guidebook company. p. {{{1}}}. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
{{FLGovernment}}	This article incorporates text from {{{sourceURL}}}, a public domain work of the Government of Florida.
{{Geological Survey of California}}	Geological Survey of California (1865). Geology. Caxton Press of Sherman & Co. p. {{{1}}}.
{{Include-ILCS}}	This article incorporates public domain material from the Illinois Compiled Statutes.
{{Natural Wealth of California}}	Cronise, Titus Fey (1868). The Natural Wealth of California: Comprising Early History; Geography, Topography, and Scenery; Climate; Agriculture and Commercial Products; Geology, Zoology, and Botany; Mineralogy, Mines, and Mining Processes; Manufactures; Steamship Lines, Railroads, and Commerce; Immigration, Population and Society; Educational Institutions and Literature; Together with a Detailed Description of Each County; Its Topography, Scenery, Cities and Towns, Agricultural Advantages, Mineral Resources, and Varied Productions. H.H. Bancroft & Company.
{{NHStateBuilders}}	This article incorporates text from the 1903 State Builders; An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century by George Franklyn Willey, a book now in the public domain. Please feel free to update the text but please maintain the proper citations on the information from that source.

Other

Some of the reference types below use named fields (such as Title=Electric Power Monthly). In these references, you must use the exact field name (capitalization matters). Fields are separated with pipe (|) characters. The order of the fields does not matter.

Public domain

What to type	What it makes	Where it goes
{{1728}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{1771 Britannica}} Talk	This article incorporates text from the 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in the public domain.	Articles near bottom
{{1911}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{Sect1911}} Talk	This section incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles at the end of a section
{{WD1913}} Talk	This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Porter, Noah, ed. (1913). Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.	Articles near bottom
{{Catholic}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{DCBL}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wace, Henry; Piercy, William C., eds. (1911). Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century (3rd ed.). London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{DNB}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{Eastons}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles at top
{{Etude}} Talk		Articles near bottom
{{Gray's}} Talk	This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)	Articles near bottom
{{Grocers}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ward, Artemas (1911). "The Grocer's Encyclopedia". The Grocer's Encyclopedia.	Articles near bottom
{{GSE}} Talk	GSE: {{{1}}}	Articles near bottom
{{JargonFile}} Talk	This article is based in part on the Jargon File, which is in the public domain.	Articles near bottom
{{JewishEncyclopedia}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{KeyTarot}} Talk	This article incorporates text from the public domain 1910 book The Pictorial Key to the Tarot by Arthur Edward Waite. Please feel free to update the text.	Articles near bottom
{{NHC}} Talk	This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History and Heritage Command.	Articles near bottom
{{Owl}} Talk	This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain.	Articles near bottom
{{RBD}} Talk	This article includes content derived from the Russian Biographical Dictionary, 1896–1918.	Articles near bottom
{{Schaff-Herzog}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication in the public domain: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914). New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{SeyffertDCA}} Talk	This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Classical Antiquities by Oskar Seyffert, edited by Henry Nettleship and J. E. Sandys (1894).	Articles near bottom
{{SmithDGRA}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{DGRBM}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{DGRG}} Talk	This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)	Articles near bottom
{{Vectorsite}} Talk	The initial version of this article was based on a public domain article from Greg Goebel's Vectorsite.	Articles Reference

Wikis

For interwiki translation and other copying, see Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia.

What to type	What it makes	Where it goes
{{Citizendium}} Talk	This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Template index/Sources of articles", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.	Articles near bottom
{{from Camerapedia}} Talk	This article was originally based on one in Camerapedia, retrieved at an unknown date under the GNU Free Documentation License.	Articles bottom
{{FOLDOC}} Talk	This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.	Articles near bottom
{{OpenHistory}} Talk	This article incorporates text from OpenHistory.	Articles near bottom
{{wookieepedia content}} Talk		Talk pages

Citations of specific sources

Notes:

• See also Wikipedia:Template messages/Links#External links for components of online citations such as DOIs.
• ISBNs are autolinked by the Wikipedia software, though this feature is deprecated; see Wikipedia:ISBN.
• RFC references such as "RFC 2821" are also autolinked, though this feature is deprecated.
• PMIDs are also autolinked, though this feature is deprecated; see Wikipedia:PMID.

What to type	What it makes
{{ITIS|ID=|taxon=|accessdate=}} Talk	"Genus species". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 1 January 2004.
{{FishBase species|genus=|species=|year=|month=}} Talk	Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Genus species". FishBase. January 2004 version.
{{FishBase species alt|ID=|taxon=|year=|month=}} Talk	Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2004). Genus species in FishBase. January 2004 version.
{{FishBase_genus|genus=|year=|month=}} Talk	Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Genus". FishBase. Month Year version.
{{FishBase family|family=|year=|month=}} Talk	Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Family". FishBase. Month Year version.
{{Cite iucn|author=|title=|year=|ID=}} Talk	Lastname, Firstname Initial (2022). "Title". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. 1234.
{{Gutenberg | no=6656 | name=The Kiltartan Poetry Book}} Talk	The Kiltartan Poetry Book at Project Gutenberg
{{MathWorld | urlname=PetersenGraph | title=Petersen Graph}} Talk	Weisstein, Eric W. "Petersen Graph". MathWorld.
{{ScienceWorld | urlname=biography/Einstein.html | title=Albert Einstein}} Talk	Weisstein, Eric Wolfgang (ed.). "Albert Einstein". ScienceWorld.
The Encyclopedia of World History at Bartleby.com {{worldhistory|section=|quote=}}	section – the portion between http://www.bartleby.com/67/ and .html in the URL of the page you wish to cite. For example, if I wished to cite http://www.bartleby.com/67/716.html, the section is 716. quote – What do you want the first part of the included text to read. The default is Citation. Example: {{worldhistory|section=716|quote=Diderot's encyclopedia banned in 1751}} Creates: Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). The Houghton Mifflin Company/Bartleby.com. Diderot's encyclopedia banned in 1751
USGS Geographic Names Information System {{Cite gnis|id|name|type=}}	Example: {{Cite gnis|2410240|Cotati}} Creates: "Cotati". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature {{Gpn|id|name}}	Example: {{Gpn|65876|Stickney}} Creates: "Stickney". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
UDOT Traffic Statistics {{UDOT AADT|year=}}	Example: {{UDOT AADT|year=2023}} Creates: "Traffic Statistics". udot.utah.gov. Utah Department of Transportation. 2023.

Citations of generic sources

Transcluded from Wikipedia:Citation templates

Citation templates are used to format citations in a consistent way, as an alternative to formatting the citations by hand. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Because templates can be contentious, editors should not add citation templates, or change an article with a consistent citation format to another, without gaining consensus; see WP:CITECONSENSUS and WP:CITEVAR. The various citation templates may be freely mixed, since they all produce a similar format.

WP:DUPLINK and WP:OVERLINK do not apply to citations. It is expected that a reference citation includes wikilinks to the relevant article for the source, such as The New York Times, rather than The New York Times.

Use in footnotes

Further information: Help:Footnotes

Instructions on this page may not work with VisualEditor. If you have opted in, you can use either VisualEditor or classic editing through wiki markup (wikitext) to edit most pages. The directions on this page, especially about what codes to type to produce formatting effects, are predominantly geared toward wikitext editing. For instructions on editing with VisualEditor, see Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide.

For a citation to appear in a footnote, it needs to be enclosed in "ref" tags. You can add these by typing <ref> at the front of the citation and </ref> at the end. Alternatively you may notice above the edit box there is a row of "markup" formatting buttons which include a <ref></ref> button to the right—if you highlight your whole citation and then click this markup button, it will automatically enclose your citation in ref tags (i.e. <ref>citation</ref>).

Note, if this is a new page or if there are not already references previously cited, it is necessary to create a section usually named "Notes" or "References" near the end of the page; see WP:FNNR and MOS:APPENDIX for more information on section names:

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

or

==Notes==
<references />

Using the same footnote multiple times

Further information: WP:REFNAME

Add a name attribute when creating a footnote <ref name="name">citation text</ref>. Thereafter, the footnote may be referenced by just using the following expression <ref name="name" />.

Using multiple pages from the same source

Further information: Help:References and page numbers

When an article cites many different pages from the same source, there are two main methods of unifying them instead of copying a completely new citation. One method is Shortened footnotes, which automatically displays an entirely new reference listing in the References section per unique page citation. Another method is to use the template {{rp}}, which appends any type of positional information (such as page numbers, chapter numbers, or audiovisual time code) directly to each given citation in the article body, which would result in text such as appearing after a superscripted footnote number.

Creating links to citations

Wikilinks to citation templates can be created using the templates {{harv}}, {{harvnb}}, {{harvtxt}}, {{sfn}}, etc. For example, this "Mumford 1999" links to a citation template below. This is of particular interest when using shortened footnotes. (See the examples below or wikilinks to full references.)

Using commas rather than periods

{{Citation}} creates a citation in the same format as most of the Citation Style 1 templates, except that the periods (or full stops) are replaced with commas, and there is no final period or full stop. A complete list of templates that are mimicked by {{citation}} can be found at {{citation/core}}. The parameter |mode= can be used to alter the punctuation.

Examples

See also: Category:Citation templates

Below are examples of how to use various templates to cite a book, encyclopedia, journal, website, comic strip, video, editorial comics, etc.

• For full description of a template and the parameters which can be used with it—click the template name (e.g. {{Citation}} or {{cite xxx}}) in the "template" column of the table below.
• Required field(s) are indicated in bold
• Copy and paste the text under "common usage" to use the template.
• Following each example is the resulting article text.

For a list of tools that can help create some of the templates below, see: Wikipedia:Citation tools.

Citations are commonly embedded in reference templates. For more information, see: Wikipedia:Footnotes.

Source	Template	Common usage	Examples
book	{{cite book}} title	{{cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | publisher = | series = | volume = | edition = | date = | location = | pages = | language = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm =}}	{{cite book | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | location = Berlin | date = 1899 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 198. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X. MR 1748380. Zbl 0945.14001. {{cite book | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | first2 = Jeff | last2 = Grubb | first3 =David | last3 = Noonan | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | location = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes. Berlin: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 198–203. ISBN 0-786918-50-0.
	{{Citation}}	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | place = | publisher = | series = | volume = | orig-date = | year = | edition = | chapter = | chapter-url = | page = | pages = | language = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{Citation | last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford | title = The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Springer-Verlag]] | series = Lecture Notes in Mathematics | volume = 1358 | edition = 2nd expanded | date = 1989 | page = 198 | doi = 10.1007/b62130 | isbn = 354063293X | mr = 1748380 | zbl = 0945.14001}} Mumford, David (1998), The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1358 (2nd expanded ed.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 198, doi:10.1007/b62130, ISBN 354063293X, MR 1748380, Zbl 0945.14001 {{Citation | last1 = Cordell | first1 = Bruce R. | last2 = Grubb | first2 = Jeff | last3 = Noonan | first3 = David | title = [[Manual of the Planes]] | place = Berlin | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | pages = 198–203 | date = September 2001 | isbn = 0-786918-50-0}} Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001), Manual of the Planes, Berlin: Wizards of the Coast, pp. 198–203, ISBN 0-786918-50-0
journal paper thesis dissertation See also {{cite thesis}}	{{cite journal}} title	{{cite journal | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = | language = | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date = }}	{{cite journal | author-link = Stephen Brey... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972). "Copyright: A Rejoinder". UCLA Law Review. 20: 75–83. {{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997). "The Quest for Pi" (PDF). Mathematical Intelligencer. 19 (1). Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 50–57. doi:10.1007/BF03024340. ISSN 0343-6993. MR 1439159. Zbl 0878.11002.
	{{Citation}} journal (or periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | date = | orig-date = | year = | language = | url = | jstor = | archive-url = | archive-date = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}	{{Citation | last = Breyer | first = Stephen | author-link = Stephen Bre... | title = Copyright: A Rejo... | journal = UCLA Law Review | volume = 20 | pages = 75–83 | date = October 1972}} Breyer, Stephen (October 1972), "Copyright: A Rejoinder", UCLA Law Review, 20: 75–83 {{Citation | last1 = Bailey | first1 = David H. | author-link1 = David H. Bailey (mathematician) | last2 = Borwein | first2 = Peter | author-link2 = Peter Borwein | last3 = Borwein | first3 = Jonathan M. | author-link3 = Jonathan Borwein | title = The Quest for Pi | journal = Mathematical Intelligencer | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–57 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin | date = 25 June 1997 | url = https://www.davidhbailey.com... | issn =0343-6993 | doi = 10.1007/BF03024340 | mr = 1439159 | zbl = 0878.11002}} Bailey, David H.; Borwein, Peter; Borwein, Jonathan M. (25 June 1997), "The Quest for Pi" (PDF), Mathematical Intelligencer, 19 (1), Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 50–57, doi:10.1007/BF03024340, ISSN 0343-6993, MR 1439159, Zbl 0878.11002
website	{{cite web}} title url	{{cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = }}	{{cite web | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url = http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url = http://web.archive... | archive-date = 3 March 2006}} Spiegel, Rachel. "Research in the News: Thalidomide". Archived from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006. {{cite web | title = | url = | website = | date = | access-date = }} (Write date as one of the formats shown at MOS:DATE; e.g. |date=22 July 2009 or |date=July 22, 2009.) {{cite web | last = Hansen | first = James E. | author-link = James E. Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | website = NASA.gov | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (15 December 2005). "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation". NASA.gov. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Retrieved 28 September 2006.
	{{Citation}} title url	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = | publisher = | date = | year = | url = | access-date = }}	{{Citation | last = Spiegel | first = Rachel | title = Research: Thalido... | url=http://science-educat... | access-date = 30 April 2006}} Spiegel, Rachel, Research in the News: Thalidomide, retrieved 30 April 2006 {{Citation | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James E. | author1-link = James Hansen | last2 = Ruedy | first2 = R. | last3 = Sato | first3 = M. | last4 = Lo | first4 = K. | title = GISS Surface Temperature An... | publisher = [[Goddard Institute for ... | date = December 15, 2005 | url = http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gis... | access-date = September 28, 2006}} Hansen, James E.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. (15 December 2005), GISS Surface Temperature Analysis Global Temperature Trends: 2005 Summation, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, retrieved 28 September 2006
comic book	{{cite comic}}	{{cite comic | writer= | penciller= | inker= | story= | title= | volume= | issue= | date= | publisher= | page= | panel= }}	{{cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | penciller=[[Jack Kirby|Kirby, Jack]] | inker=[[Christopher Rule|Rule, Christopher]] | story=The Fantastic Four! | title=[[Fantastic Four|The Fantastic Four]] | volume=1 | issue=1 | date=November 1961 | publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | page=3 | panel=2}} Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Rule, Christopher (i). "The Fantastic Four!" The Fantastic Four, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 3/2 (November 1961). Marvel Comics.
comic strip	{{cite comic}}	{{cite comic | cartoonist= | strip= | paper= | location= | date= | supplement= | syndicate= | page= }}	{{cite comic | cartoonist=[[Milton Caniff|Caniff, Milton]] | strip=[[Steve Canyon]] | paper=Journal Herald | location=Dayton, OH | date=July 15, 1967 | supplement=Color Comics Supplement | syndicate=Newspaper Syndicate | page=1}} Caniff, Milton (w, a). Steve Canyon. Journal Herald (Dayton, OH). July 15, 1967 [Color Comics Supplement], Newspaper Syndicate, p. 1.
conference report or paper	{{cite conference}} title book-title	{{cite conference | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | book-title = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | access-date = }}	{{cite conference | last = Turk | first = M. | first2 = A. | last2 = Pentland | title = Face recognition ... | book-title = Proc IEEE Con... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} Turk, M.; Pentland, A. (1991). "Face recognition using eigenfaces". Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Maui, Hawaii. pp. 586–591. {{cite conference | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | title = Direct detection of the ... | book-title = American Astronomical Society 207th ... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | url = http://www.aas.org/ ... 30.htm}} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (9 January 2006). "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting. AAS.
	{{Citation}} contribution title	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author-link2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-last2 = | editor-first2 = | contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | date = | pages = | place = | publisher = | url = | doi = | id = }}	{{Citation | last1 = Turk | first1 = M. | last2 = Pet... | first2 = A. | contribution = Face recog... | title = Proc IEEE Confere... | place = Maui, Hawaii | pages = 586–591 | date = 1991}} Turk, M.; Petland, A. (1991), "Face recognition using eigenfaces", Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Maui, Hawaii, pp. 586–591{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) {{Citation | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. R. | last2 = Schaefer | first2 = G. | last3 = Bond | first3 = H. | last4 = Karovska | first4 = M. | last5 = Nelan | first5 = E. | last6 = Sasselov | first6 = D. | contribution = Direct detection of ... | title = American Astronomical... | publisher = AAS | date = January 9, 2006 | contribution-url = http://...30.htm}} Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G.; Bond, H.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D. (9 January 2006), "Direct detection of the close companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope", American Astronomical Society 207th Meeting, AAS
court case (legal decision)	{{Cite court}}	{{cite court | litigants = | vol = | reporter = | opinion = | pinpoint = | court = | date = | url= }}	{{cite court | litigants=Roe v. Wade | vol=410 | reporter=U.S. | opinion=113 | date=1973 | url=https://www.law.corn...}} Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
dictionary, encyclopedia, other edited collection	{{cite dictionary}} title dictionary	{{cite dictionary | title = | dictionary = | volume = | page = | publisher = | date = | id = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite dictionary | title = word, ''n''. ... | dictionary = American Dictionary ... | editor-last = Webst... | editor-first = Noah | editor-link = Noah Webst... | publisher = [[Meriam-Webster]] | date = 1890 }} Webster, Noah, ed. (1890). "word, n.". American Dictionary of the English Language. Meriam-Webster.
	{{cite encyclopedia}} title encyclopedia	{{cite encyclopedia | title = | encyclopedia = | volume = | pages = | publisher = | date = | id = | url = | access-date =}}	{{cite encyclopedia | title = Kirkegaard... | encyclopedia = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882). "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund". Grote Winkler Prins. Vol. 9. Elsevier. {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Bernard Lewis | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Hist... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | location = London | date = 1999 | url = }} Kramer, Martin (1999). "Bernard Lewis". In Boyd, Kelley (ed.). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–720.
	{{Citation}} contribution=name of article	{{Citation | last = | first = | contribution = | date = | title = | editor-last = | editor-first = | volume = | pages = | place = | publisher = | id = }}	{{Citation | contribution = Kirkegaard... | title = Grote Winkler Pri... | editor-last = Winkler Pri... | editor-first = Anthony | editor-link = Anthony Win... | volume = 9 | publisher = Elsevier | date = 1882}} Winkler Prins, Anthony, ed. (1882), "Kirkegaard, Ole Lund", Grote Winkler Prins, vol. 9, Elsevier {{Citation | last = Kramer | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Kramer | contribution = Bernard Lewis | editor-last = Boyd | editor-first = Kelley | title = Encyclopedia of Historians ... | volume = 1 | pages = 719–720 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn | place = London | date = 1999 | contribution-url = http://...is.htm}} Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720
episode (television or radio)	{{cite episode}} title	{{cite episode | title = | episode-link = | url = | series = | series-link = | credits = | network = | station = | air-date = | began = | ended = | season = | seriesno = | number = | minutes = | transcript = | transcript-url= }}	{{cite episode | title = BBC-TV Presents: ... | episode-link = BBC Snooker World ... | series = Wide World of Snooker | series-link = Wide World of Snooker ... | credits = Presenters: [[Dennis ... | network = [[BBC]] | station = [[BBC Two]] | city = [[Sheffield]], ... | air-date = 2008-04-27 | minutes = 2:34}} Presenters: Dennis Taylor and Clive Everton (27 April 2008). "BBC-TV Presents: The 2008 World Snooker Championship Live at The Crucible". Wide World of Snooker. Sheffield, England. 2:34 minutes in. BBC. BBC Two. {{cite episode | title = Duet | episode-link = Duet (Stargate Atlant... | series = Stargate Atlantis | series-link = Stargate Atlantis | air-date = August 5, 2005 | season = 2 | number = 4}} "Duet". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 4. 5 August 2005.
mailing list	{{cite mailing list}} title url	{{cite mailing list | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | mailing-list = | date = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite mailing list | last=Murdock | first=Ian | author-link=Ian Murdock | title=Debian GNU/Linux 0.9... | mailing-list=debian-announce | date=26 October 1995 | url=https://lists.debian.or... | access-date =20 April 2007}} Murdock, Ian (26 October 1995). "Debian GNU/Linux 0.93 Release 6 now available". debian-announce (Mailing list). Retrieved 20 April 2007.
map	{{cite map}} author date (or year) title publisher	{{cite map | author = | date = | title = | url = | publisher = | section = | access-date = }}	{{cite map | author=Kansas Departmen... | date=2005 | title=Official State Trans... | url=http://www.ksdot.org/b... | edition=2005–2006 | location=Topeka | publisher=Kansas Departmen... | section=F9 | access-date=March 30, 2007}} Kansas Department of Transportation (2005). Official State Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2005–2006 ed.). Topeka: Kansas Department of Transportation. § F9. Retrieved 30 March 2007. {{cite map | author1=Skelly Oil Company | author2=Diversified Map Co | date=1966 | title=Highway Map of Oklahoma | scale=[1:1,500,000] | location=St. Louis | publisher=Diversified Map Co | section=11C | oclc=67708775}} Skelly Oil Company; Diversified Map Co (1966). Highway Map of Oklahoma (Map). [1:1,500,000]. St. Louis: Diversified Map Co. § 11C. OCLC 67708775.
news article	{{cite news}} title	{{cite news | last = | first = | title = | newspaper = | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite news | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk ...}} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998). "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair". The Independent. London. {{cite news | last = Andersen | first = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | work = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/vet... | access-date = 6 June 2006}} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006). "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success". Marine Corps News. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
	{{Citation}} newspaper (or magazine, journal, periodical)	{{Citation | last = | first = | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | title = | newspaper = | pages = | date = | year = | url = | archive-url = | archive-date = | access-date = }}	{{Citation | last = Finn | first = Gary | title = What a growing lad needs is ... | pages = | newspaper = The Independent | location = London | date = 31 August 1998 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk ... | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web ... | archive-date = 2010-03-06}} Finn, Gary (31 August 1998), "What a growing lad needs is a naughty book, says Blair", The Independent, London, archived from the original on 6 March 2010 {{Citation | last1 = Andersen | first1 = David | last2 = Witter | first2 = Lameen | title = Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO... | newspaper = Marine Corps News | date = 17 February 2006 | url = https://www.military.com/vet... | access-date = 2 June 2006}} Andersen, David; Witter, Lameen (17 February 2006), "Former Marine, Go Daddy CEO Talks About His Rise to Success", Marine Corps News, retrieved 2 June 2006
newsgroup posting (DO NOT USE TO VERIFY)	{{cite newsgroup}} title	{{cite newsgroup | title = | author = | date = | newsgroup = | id = | url = | access-date = }}	{{cite newsgroup | author = Gary S. Terhune | title = Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del... | date = January 11, 2004 | newsgroup = microsoft.pub... | id = uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2... | url = https://groups.googl... | access-date = May 16, 2006}} Gary S. Terhune (11 January 2004). "Lost Ctrl-Alt-Del function on W98, 2nd". Newsgroup: microsoft.public.win98.gen_discussion. uAIVMjC2DHA.2336@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl. Retrieved 16 May 2006. {{cite newsgroup | title = How can helping "Kids in Af... | author = Trodel | date = June 10, 2006 | newsgroup= humanities.philosophy.ob... | id = 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g20... | url = https://groups.google.com/g... | access-date = July 3, 2006}} Trodel (10 June 2006). "How can helping "Kids in Africa" be in my self interest". Newsgroup: humanities.philosophy.objectivism. 1149950890.204481.35810@h76g2000cwa.googlegroups.com. Retrieved 3 July 2006.
patent	{{Cite patent}} inventor-last	{{cite patent | inventor-last = | inventor-first = | inventor-link = | inventor-last2 = | inventor-first2 = | inventor-link2 = | publication-date = | issue-date = | title = | country-code = | description = | patent-number = }}	{{cite patent | inventor-last1 = Degermark | inventor-first1 = Mikael | inventor-last2 = Brodnik | inventor-first2 = Andrej | inventor-last3 = Carlsson | inventor-first3 = Svante | inventor-last4 = Pink | inventor-first4 = Stephen | title = Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams | issue-date = 2001 | patent-number = 6266706 | country-code = US}} US 6266706, Degermark, Mikael; Brodnik, Andrej & Carlsson, Svante et al., "Fast routing lookup system using complete prefix tree, bit vector, and pointers in a routing table for determining where to route IP datagrams", issued 2001
press release	{{cite press release}} title	{{cite press release |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |agency= |access-date=}}	{{cite press release |last=Roithmayr |first=Mark |date=February 5, 2007 |title=Autism Speaks ... |url=http://autismspeaks.org... |location=New York |publisher=[[Autism Speaks]] |access-date=November 19, 2007}} Roithmayr, Mark (5 February 2007). "Autism Speaks and Cure Autism Now Complete Merger" (Press release). New York: Autism Speaks. Retrieved 19 November 2007. {{cite press release |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up... |url=http://newsroom.sprint.com... |location=Overland Park, Kansas |publisher=[[Sprint Nextel]] |date=November 26, 2012 |access-date=November 28, 2012}} "Sprint 4G LTE Lights Up in 11 New Cities and Counties in Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia" (Press release). Overland Park, Kansas: Sprint Nextel. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
video (movie, television production, documentary, etc.)	{{cite AV media}} people title	{{cite AV media | people = | title = | medium = | publisher = | location = | date = | url = }}	{{cite AV media | people = Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) | title = Harab libnan | medium = Television production | publisher = Al-Issawi, Om... | location = Lebanon | date = 2001}} Al-Issawi, Omar (Director) (2001). Harab libnan (Television production). Lebanon: Al-Issawi, Omar. {{cite AV media | people = Dick Cavett | title = The Dick Cavett Show — Rock... | medium = DVD | publisher = Shout Factory | date = 2005}} Dick Cavett (2005). The Dick Cavett Show — Rock Icons (1969) (DVD). Shout Factory.
video game	{{cite video game}} title developer	{{cite video game | title = | developer = | publisher = | date = | platform = | version = | level = | language = | isolang = | quote = }}	{{cite video game | title=[[Halo 3]] | developer= [[Bungie]] | publisher=[[Microsoft Game Studios]] | date=September 25, 2007 | platform=[[Xbox 360]] | version=1.0 | level=The Storm | language=English | isolang= | quote='''Arbiter''': More Brutes? /...}} Bungie (25 September 2007). Halo 3 (Xbox 360) (1.0 ed.). Microsoft Game Studios. Level/area: The Storm. Arbiter: More Brutes? / Master Chief: Worse.
Wikidata	{{Cite Q}} QID (Q number)	{{cite Q | QID}}	{{cite Q|Q29396757}} Albert Einstein (1905). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?". Annalen der Physik (in German). 323 (13): 639–641. doi:10.1002/ANDP.19053231314. ISSN 0003-3804. Wikidata Q29396757.

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• {{cite album-notes}}
• {{cite thesis}}

Harvard reference and shortened footnote examples

See also: Template:Harvard citation documentation

These templates automatically create a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page. All of the following templates are supported: {{citation}} · {{cite book}} · {{cite journal}} · {{cite web}} · {{cite conference}} · {{cite encyclopedia}} · {{cite mailing list}} · {{cite news}} · {{cite press release}} · {{cite arXiv}} · {{cite AV media}} (an up-to-date list is at Help:Citation Style 1). To use the links, the template must define |surname= (or |last=) and |date= (or |year=).

What to type	What it makes
Article text.{{sfn|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} (Shortened footnote template) Article text.{{sfn|Smith|1979|p=289}} ==Notes== {{reflist}}	Article text. Article text. Notes ^Turner 1851, pp. 10–11 ^Smith 1979, p. 289
Templates used within <ref>...</ref> tags or within the {{efn}} family of templates: {{Harvard citation|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harv|Smith|1879|p=289}} (default to parentheses around whole citation, for inline) {{Harvnb|Johnson|1772|p=176}} (no brackets) {{Harvp|Jones|1951|p=334}} (parentheses around date) {{Harv|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}} (multi-author) {{Harvtxt|Turner|1851}} asserts that ... (author's name part of text)	(Turner 1851, pp. 10–11) (Smith 1879, p. 289) Johnson 1772, p. 176 Jones (1951), p. 334 (Lincoln et al. 2007, pp. 88–89) Turner (1851) asserts that ...
Three Harvcol templates are altered to use colons to indicate page numbers. These are also used within <ref>...</ref> tags or within the {{efn}} family of templates: {{Harvcol|Turner|1851|pp=10–11}} {{Harvcol|Smith|1874|p=173}} {{Harvcolnb|Smith|1879|p=289}} {{Harvcolnb|Lincoln|Washington|Adams|Johnson|2007|pp=88–89}} {{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999|p=40}} asserts that ... </nowiki>	Harvcol templates (Turner 1851:10–11) (Smith 1874:173) Smith 1879:289 Lincoln et al. 2007:88–89 Blust (1999:40) asserts that ...

Variations

Wikipedia does not dictate a particular way to insert citations into an article. As a result, there are multiple ways to structure citations in an article; multiple ways to insert individual citations; and multiple ways to link a short citation (e.g. Turner 1851) with the full citation in the bibliography, when using a style that calls for short citations.

There are three primary ways to format individual full citations:

1. By hand. These are simply typed directly; however, when using shortened footnotes, each individual full citation can be surrounded with {{wikicite}} to ensure that the appropriate shortened references are linked to the full references below.
2. Using the Citation Style 1 templates, such as {{cite book}}, {{cite web}}, {{cite journal}}, or {{cite news}}.
3. Using the generic {{Citation}} template.

The main differences between the generic {{Citation}} template and the specific Citation Style 1 templates are:

1. The Citation Style 1 templates produce citations with individual sections (e.g. title, author, publisher, etc.) separated by periods, with a trailing period, while {{Citation}} separates sections with a comma and has no trailing punctuation. (However, this can be changed using the |separator= and |postscript= parameters.)
2. Not all Citation Style 1 templates can easily be replaced by the {{Citation}} template. Generally, any Citation Style 1 template of a general nature (e.g. book; web site; journal or newspaper article; article in an edited collection or encyclopedia; etc.) can be replaced, but specialized templates (court cases, comic books, video games, etc.) cannot very easily.
3. Some of the parameter names differ. For example, citing an article in an edited collection uses the misnamed {{cite encyclopedia}} template, with |title= for the article name and |encyclopedia= for the collection name; the equivalent parameters in {{Citation}} are named contribution and title, respectively.

There are three ways to structure citations as a whole in an article (see Help:Citations quick reference for a tabular comparison of these three ways):

1. Footnotes. These simply place the citation inside of a <ref>...</ref> reference, which inserts a small bracketed, superscripted number. When clicked on, it links to a correspondingly-numbered footnote (more properly an endnote) placed elsewhere in the article. The footnotes themselves are inserted using {{reflist}}, which is typically placed by itself in a Notes (or References) section near the end of the article. When there are multiple references to the same citation, typing can be saved by using <ref name="foo">...</ref> the first time, and just <ref name="foo"/> elsewhere. When there are citations that differ only in page number, there are two alternatives: write all the citations out in full, including the page number, or use one citation without page numbers along with the {{rp}} template to add an inline page number after the small bracketed footnote number.
2. Footnotes with list-defined references. All inline citations take the form <ref name="foo"/>. The reference list at the end of the article is a list of full citations, each of which takes the form <ref name="foo">...</ref>, all of which are surrounded by <references>...</references>.
3. Shortened footnotes. Instead of the full citation appearing in the footnote, a short form appears (e.g. Turner 1851), giving only the author and year (or in some styles, a shortened version of the article or book title), and page number if appropriate. The full citation appears later on, in a bibliography section. This usually follows directly after the footnotes, is titled "References" or "Bibliography", and contains all relevant citations, listed in (typically) alphabetical order. This style is especially appropriate when there are large numbers of references overall and frequent cases of multiple references to the same work, especially in the presence of differing page numbers.

When using shortened footnotes, there are three ways to link the short and full references:

1. Insert manual links. These look like e.g. <ref>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006, p. 25]]</ref>. If a citation template is used for the full reference, the anchor (e.g. #CITEREFPereira2006) is automatically attached to the full reference; if the full reference is typed by hand, surround the reference with {{wikicite}} to attach the anchor to it.
2. Insert links using a Harvard citation template, e.g. <ref>See, for example: {{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>. This will insert a footnote into the text and link it to the citation with the corresponding last name and year. Other variations of the Harvard citation templates format the short citation differently.
3. Use the {{sfn}} template for the whole of the footnote. The {{sfn}} template creates its own named <ref>...</ref> tags: {{sfn|Pereira|2006|p=25}} is exactly equivalent to <ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>[[#CITEREFPereira2006|Pereira 2006]], p. 25.</ref> which is itself equivalent to <ref name=FOOTNOTEPereira200625>{{Harvnb|Pereira|2006|p=25}}</ref>.

See also WP:Footnotes and WP:Citing sources for general information, and WP:CITEX for specific examples of exactly how to write the code for various combinations of the above styles.

Discussing citations on talk pages

When citations are brought to talk pages, noticeboards and other discussions, follow the group of citations, or the text you have added, with {{Reflist-talk}}.

{{Reflist-talk}}

This template places the citations in their own box under the bold header References at the position where the template was inserted; otherwise the citations (and any others in the talk page) will be listed at the end of the talk page, below all sections. The resulting reference box does not appear in the table of contents.

See also

• Wikipedia:Template index/Sources of articles for templates about citation-related problems in articles
• Help:Citation merging for bundling multiple citations into a single footnote
• Wikipedia:How to avoid duplicated citations