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Ruth (given name)

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Ruth
The Biblical Naomi entreating her daughters-in-law Ruth and Orpah in this image by William Blake based on the Book of Ruth.
Pronunciation/ˈruːθ/ ROOTH
Genderfemale
Origin
Word/nameHebrew
Meaning"Friend"

Ruth (Hebrew: רות rut, IPA: [ʁut]) is a common female given name, noted from Ruth, the eponymous heroine of the eighth book of the Old Testament.

History of usage

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Not evidently in regular usage among the ancient Hebrews, the name of the Biblical figure Ruth is generally equated with the Aramaic רְעוּת (re'ut): companion, which meaning accords with the character of the Biblical Ruth, who, despite being widowed, chooses to remain with her mother-in-law Naomi (to whom Ruth speaks the iconic quote: "Whither thou goest, I will go.")[1]

Ruth first occurs as a given name in Europe and the British Isles at the time of the Reformation, prior to which the occurrence of Biblical names – unless borne by saints – was unusual.[2]

Although Puritans generally disfavored Biblical proper names, they seemingly made an exception for Ruth, as it could be interpreted as a virtue name via equation with ruth, a then-common noun (Germanic in origin) which overall meant sorrow but which could be interpreted as compassion:[3] Ruth therefore was brought by the Pilgrims to English-speaking North America where overall the name has been more popular than in the British Isles, although the name Ruth has been markedly more popular in Ireland than in Britain.

Ranked at No. 46 on the 1890 tally of the most popular names for American newborn girls, the name Ruth showed a sharp increase in popularity on the respective 1891 tally with a ranking at No. 19 while the tallies for the years 1892 and 1893 ranked the popularity of the name Ruth at respectively No. 5 and No. 3. The impetus for the boost in the popularity of the name Ruth was the 3 October 1891 birth of Ruth Cleveland daughter of (then former) US president Grover Cleveland and his wife Frances Cleveland, the latter herself a celebrity due to her 2 June 1886 marriage – she remains the youngest first lady and the only one wed at the White House – after which she had proven a very popular first lady. Although Grover Cleveland lost the 1888 presidential election to Benjamin Harrison the victor proved very unpopular, and by 1891 the American public overwhelmingly regarded the return to presidential office of Grover Cleveland – and therefore Frances' return as first lady – as being inevitable (Grover Cleveland was indeed re-elected president in an 1892 landslide victory). The birth of the Clevelands' first child, Ruth, therefore ranked as front-page news, with press mentions of "Baby Ruth" occurring regularly throughout Ruth Cleveland's infancy and toddler period.[4]

The name Ruth retained a Top Ten ranking in the yearly tallies of the most popular names for American newborn girls until after 1930, remaining in the Top 20 until after 1937 and in the Top 50 until after 1950. Typically for traditional one-syllable girls names, the popularity of the name Ruth for American newborns has decreased since the mid-20th century with the name last ranking in the Top 100 in 1961, being then at No. 96. The tally of most popular names for newborn American girls for the year 2023 ranks the name Ruth at No. 187.[2]

Ruth has also been well-used throughout the Anglosphere and was among the top 100 names for girls in England and Wales during the 1980s.[5] It has since declined in use, but remains among the top 1,000 names for British girls.[6]

Ruth had also been a popular name in Germany for both Jews and non-Jews prior to the 1930s but declined along with many other names of Hebrew origin in the mid-1930s after Adolf Hitler came to power and Jewish people in the country were persecuted and killed.[7] At least one German Nazi family changed the name of a daughter named Ruth to the Germanic Ingrid because her father had joined the border police and it was unacceptable for his daughter to have a name of Hebrew origin.[8]

Variants

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People with the given name

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Fictional characters

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Notes

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  1. ^ Isaac Slobin, Dan (1985). The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition. Psychology Press. p. 342. ISBN 9780898593679.
  2. ^ a b "Ruth". Behind the Name. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  3. ^ Cobham Brewer, Ebenezer (1997). Adrian Room (ed.). Brewer's Dictionary of Names. Abingdon OXON: Helicon Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1859862322.
  4. ^ Algeo, Matthew (2011). The President Is a Sick Man: wherein the supposedly virtuous Grover Cleveland survives a secret surgery at sea and vilifies the courageous newspaperman who dared expose the truth. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. pp. 50, 172. ISBN 978-1-56976-350-6.
  5. ^ https://www.ukbabynames.com/1980s
  6. ^ https://www.behindthename.com/name/ruth-1
  7. ^ Laversuch, I.M. (December 2010), "Margarete and Sulamith under the Swastika: Girls' Names in Nazi Germany", Names: A Journal of Onomastics, 58 (4): 219–30
  8. ^ Hunt, Irmgard A. (2006). On Hitler's Mountain: Overcoming the Legacy of a Nazi Childhood. William Morrow Paperbacks. p. 55. ISBN 9780060532185.
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