Battle of Carnuntum

Battle of Carnuntum
	Part of Marcomannic Wars
Date	Spring 170 AD
Location	near Carnuntum, Pannonia Superior, Roman Empire (modern-day Austria)
Result	Germanic victory
Belligerents
Marcomanni; Quadi;	Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Ballomar	Marcus Aurelius
Strength
Unknown	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	about 20,000 killed

The Battle of Carnuntum took place in 170 AD during the Marcomannic Wars. In the spring of 170 AD swarms of Germanic warrior bands attacked Roman provinces along the Danube River. In furtherance of this endeavor, and for mutual protection, the king of the Marcomanni, Ballomar, had allied with the Quadi tribe. Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius with his son-in-law and chief military adviser Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus crossed the Danube River to drive back the raiders. The Romans and Germans met outside Carnuntum in Upper Pannonia,^[3] which was the headquarters for the Legio XIV Gemina. The Roman army was inexperienced and outmatched, and the ensuing battle was a disaster for the Romans. Although the legions fought hard and bravely, they were no match for the Germanic warriors. 20,000 Romans were killed. Following this victory the Germans besieged Aquileia and sacked Opitergium.^[1]

Historiography

There is only one ancient source for the battle and that is Lucian^[4]^{[full citation needed]} in his book Alexander^[5] which is either a polemic or a witty satire aimed at Alexander of Abonoteichus, depending on the point of view. The description of 20,000 Roman dead might have been dismissed by historians, were it not for the fact that other historical information in that work is supported by independent ancient authors and by epigraphical and numismatic evidence.^[2]

The chronology of events of the Marcomannic Wars has a number of problems,^[2]^[6] but scholars now agree that these events took place in the Spring of 170 A.D.^[1]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Birley, Anthong R. (2012). "The Wars and Revolts". In van Ackeren, Marcel (ed.). A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 217–233, pages 223–224. ISBN 978-1-4051-9285-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c Steger, Thorsten (1998). Die Chronologie der Markomannenkriege (in German). ISBN 978-3-640-02649-4. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ Now called Petronell-Carnuntum
^ Lucian of Samosata
^ Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις
^ Scheidel, Walter (1990). "Probleme der Datierung des Costoboceneinfalls im Balkanraum unter Marcus Aurelius". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte (in German). 39 (4): 493–498. JSTOR 4436170.

[Birley-1] Birley, Anthong R. (2012). "The Wars and Revolts". In van Ackeren, Marcel (ed.). A Companion to Marcus Aurelius. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 217–233, pages 223–224. ISBN 978-1-4051-9285-9.

[Steger-2] Steger, Thorsten (1998). Die Chronologie der Markomannenkriege (in German). ISBN 978-3-640-02649-4. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.

[3] Now called Petronell-Carnuntum

[4] Lucian of Samosata

[5] Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδόμαντις

[6] Scheidel, Walter (1990). "Probleme der Datierung des Costoboceneinfalls im Balkanraum unter Marcus Aurelius". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte (in German). 39 (4): 493–498. JSTOR 4436170.

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