Wikipedia

List of political ideologies

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]

Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]

The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.

Anarchism

edit
Main article: Anarchism
 
Anarchy symbol
Further information: Anarchist schools of thought, Glossary of anarchism, and Outline of anarchism
Political internationals

Classical

edit
Main article: Classical anarchism

Post-classical

edit
Main article: Post-classical anarchism

Contemporary

edit
Main article: Contemporary anarchism

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main articles: Religious anarchism and Anarchism and religion

Regional variants

edit
Main article: List of anarchist movements by region

African

edit
Main article: Anarchism in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Anarchism in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Anarchism in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Anarchism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Anarchism in Oceania

Authoritarianism

edit
Main article: Authoritarianism

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit

Regional variants

edit

African

edit

American

edit

Asian

edit

European

edit

Communitarianism

edit
Main article: Communitarianism

General

edit

Other

edit

Regional variants

edit

Communism

edit
Main article: Communism
 
The Hammer and sickle symbol
Political internationals

Authoritarian

edit
Main article: Authoritarian communism

Leninism

edit
Main article: Leninism
Marxism–Leninism
edit
Main article: Marxism–Leninism

Libertarian

edit
Main article: Libertarian communism
 
An Anarchist A laid over a Communist Hammer and sickle.

Marxism

edit
Main article: Marxism

Other

edit
Main articles: Marxist revisionism, Non-Marxist communism, Post-capitalism, and Pre-Marxist communism

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Religious communism
See also: Communism and religion

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Communism in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Communism in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Communism in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Communism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Communism in Oceania

Conservatism

edit
Main article: Conservatism
Political internationals

General

edit

Reactionary

edit
Main article: Reactionary

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Theoconservatism

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Conservatism in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Conservatism in America
United States
edit
Main article: Conservatism in the United States

Asian

edit
Main article: Conservatism in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Conservatism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Conservatism in Oceania

Corporatism

edit
Main article: Corporatism
See also: Capitalism

General

edit

Other

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Corporatism in the Roman Catholic Church

Regional variants

edit

Western Europe

edit

Democracy

edit
Main article: Democracy
 
Symbol of Democracy(1)
 
Symbol of Democracy(2)


General

edit

Other

edit

Direct democracy movements

edit
Main article: Direct democracy

Pirate politics

edit
Pirate politics
IdeologyAnti-corruption
Civil libertarianism
Civil rights
Direct democracy
E-democracy
Participatory democracy
Social liberalism
Main article: Pirate politics
Political internationals

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Religious democracy

Christian democracy

edit
Main article: Christian democracy
Further information: History of Christian democracy
Political internationals
General
edit
Further information: Catholic social teaching
Other
edit
See also: Conservatism, Corporatism, and Liberalism

Other

edit

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Democracy in Africa

Asian

edit
Main article: Democracy in Asia

American

edit
Main article: Democracy in America

European

edit
Main article: Democracy in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Democracy in Oceania

Environmentalism

edit
Main article: Environmentalism
Political internationals

Bright green environmentalism

edit
Main article: Bright green environmentalism

Deep green environmentalism

edit
Main article: Deep ecology

Light green environmentalism

edit
Main article: Sustainable development

Other

edit
Main article: Green politics

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Environmentalism and religion

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Environmental movement in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Environmental movement in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Environmental movement in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Environmental movement in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Environmental movement in Oceania

Fascism

edit
Main article: Fascism
Political internationals

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit
Main article: Anti-fascism
Further information: Criticism of fascism

By country

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Fascism and religion

Regional variants

edit
Main article: List of fascist movements

African

edit

American

edit
Main article: Fascism in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Fascism in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Fascism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Fascism in Oceania

Identity politics

edit
Main article: Identity politics
Political internationals
edit
edit
edit

Feminism

edit
Main article: Feminism

General

edit

Opposition

edit

Chronological variants

edit
Main article: History of feminism

Ethnic and social variants

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Religious feminism

Regional variants

edit
African
edit
Main article: Feminism in Africa
American
edit
Main article: Feminism in America
Asian
edit
Main article: Feminism in Asia
European
edit
Main article: Feminism in Europe
Oceanian
edit
Main article: Feminism in Oceania

LGBTQ social movements

edit
Main article: LGBTQ social movements
See also: Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights

Men's movement

edit
Main article: Men's movement

Regional variants

edit
Main article: Fathers' rights movement by country

Self-determination movements

edit
Main article: Self-determination

African-American

edit
Main article: Black pride

Indigenous peoples

edit
Main article: Indigenism

Latin American

edit
Main article: La raza

Separatist and supremacist movements

edit
Main articles: Separatism and Supremacism

Ethnic

edit
Main articles: Ethnic separatism and Ethnic supremacism
Black
edit
White
edit
Regional variants
edit
African
edit
Main article: Separatism in Africa
American
edit
Main article: Separatism in the Americas
Asian
edit
Main article: Separatism in Asia
European
edit
Main article: Separatism in Europe
Oceania
edit
Main article: Separatism in Oceania

Gender

edit
Main articles: Gender separatism and Sexism

Religious variants

edit
Main articles: Religious separatism and Religious supremacism

Student movements

edit
Main article: Student rights

General

edit

Regional variants

edit

Liberalism

edit
Main article: Liberalism
Further information: Age of Enlightenment
Political internationals

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit

Regional variants

edit
Main article: Liberalism by country

African

edit
Main article: Liberalism in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Liberalism in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Liberalism in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Liberalism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Liberalism in Oceania

Libertarianism

edit
Main article: Libertarianism
Political internationals

Left-libertarianism

edit
Main article: Left-libertarianism

Right-libertarianism

edit
Main article: Right-libertarianism

Other

edit
See also: Classical liberalism

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit

Regional variants

edit

African

edit

American

edit
United States
edit
Main article: Libertarianism in the United States

Asian

edit

European

edit

Oceanian

edit

Nationalism

edit
Main article: Nationalism
Political internationals

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit
Main article: Anti-nationalism

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Religious nationalism

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Nationalism in Africa

American

edit

Asian

edit

European

edit
Main article: Rise of nationalism in Europe

Oceanian

edit

Unification movements

edit
Main article: Pan-nationalism

Populism

edit
Main article: Populism
Political internationals

General

edit

Left-wing populism

edit
Main article: Left-wing populism

Right-wing populism

edit
Main article: Right-wing populism

Other

edit

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Populism in Africa

Asian

edit
Main article: Populism in Asia

American

edit
Main articles: Populism in North America and Populism in Latin America

European

edit
Main article: Populism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Populism in Oceania

Progressivism

edit
Main article: Progressivism
Political internationals

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit

Regional variants

edit

Religio-political ideologies

edit
Main article: Religion and politics
Political internationals

General

edit

Political atheism and agnosticism

edit

Political Baháʼí Faith

edit

Political Buddhism

edit

Political Christianity

edit
Main article: Christianity and politics

Political Confucianism

edit

Political Hinduism

edit

Political indigenous religions

edit

Political Islam

edit
Main article: Political aspects of Islam

Political Judaism

edit
Main articles: Judaism and politics and Jewish political movements

Political Neopaganism

edit

Political Shinto

edit

Political Sikhism

edit

Political Taoism

edit

Political Zoroastrianism

edit

Satirical and anti-politics

edit
Main article: Political satire
See also: List of frivolous political parties

General

edit
See also: Abstention, Dealignment, Political apathy, Political protest, Protest vote, and Voter fatigue

Other

edit
See also: Anti-elitism

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Religious rejection of politics

Regional variants

edit

Social democracy

edit
Main article: Social democracy
Political internationals

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit
Main article: Criticism of social democracy

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Social democracy in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Social democracy in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Social democracy in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Social democracy in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Social democracy in Oceania

Socialism

edit
Main article: Socialism
 
Symbol of Socialism
Political internationals

General

edit

Authoritarian

edit
Main article: Authoritarian socialism

Libertarian

edit
Main article: Libertarian socialism

Other

edit
Main article: Types of socialism

Opposition

edit

Religious variants

edit
Main article: Religious socialism

Regional variants

edit

African

edit
Main article: Socialism in Africa

American

edit
Main article: Socialism in America

Asian

edit
Main article: Socialism in Asia

European

edit
Main article: Socialism in Europe

Oceanian

edit
Main article: Socialism in Oceania

Syndicalism

edit
Main article: Syndicalism
Political internationals

General

edit

Other

edit

Opposition

edit

Regional variants

edit

Transhumanism

edit
Main article: Transhumanist politics
Political internationals

General

edit
Main article: Transhumanism

Other

edit

Regional variants

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
  2. ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
  3. ^ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
  4. ^ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
  5. ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
  6. ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
  7. ^ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_political_ideologies&oldid=1263744694"