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Do dokončne stvaritve članka Ottawa Hockey Club je treba še:


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  SEME ZA NOV ČLANEK

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Montreal Canadiens gostijo Toronto Maple Leafs, 1938.

Hokejska liga National Hockey League (NHL) je bila ustanovljena leta 1917 po razpadu svoje predhodnice, lige National Hockey Association (NHA). V poskusu odstranitve lastnika Toronto Blueshirtsov Eddieja Livingstona se je večina lastnikov NHA klubov združila in ukinila NHA ligo. Lastniki Montreal Canadiensov, Montreal Wanderersov, Ottawa Senatorsov in Quebec Bulldogsov so takoj po ukinitvi lige NHA ustanovili novo ligo - ligo NHL. Quebec Bulldogsi kljub garantiranem mestu v ligi v njej prvi dve sezoni niso sodelovali, tako da so lastniki dvorane Arena Gardens zagnali nov klub v Torontu, poimenovan Toronto Arenas. Ustanovitev lige NHL je bila mišljena zgolj kot začasna rešitev, a se spor z Livingstonom ni polegel. Leto kasneje so se tako vsi štirje lastniki klubov vnovič sestali ter ukinitev lige NHA napravili za dokončno.

Liga se je do poznih 30. let spopadala s preostalima dvema največjima hokejskima ligama na kontinentu, ligama Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). Ta spopad se je bil predvsem za igralce in za Stanleyjev pokal, za katerega so se imeli pravico potegovati prvaki vseh treh lig. Tako PCHA kot WCHL liga po letu 1926 nista več delovali (liga PCHA je sicer razpadla že leto poprej) in liga NHL je prevzela primat kot največja hokejska liga v Severni Ameriki, in tudi na planetu. Leta 1924 se je z ustanovitvijo Boston Bruinsov razširila še v ZDA in od leta 1926 dalje je delovala z 10 moštvi iz Ontaria, Quebeca, področja Velikih jezer in severovzhoda ZDA. Razpad lig PCHA in WCHL je pomenil tudi, da so se za Stanleyjev pokal potegovala le še moštva iz lige NHL.

Igra se je s časom razvijala in v tem zgodnjem obdobju, od 1917 do 1942, je hokej na ledu doživel številne spremembe pravil in inovacije, ki so izboljšale pretok igre in šport približale navijaškim množicam. Namesto tradicionalnih sedmih igralcev so smeli trenerji na ledene ploskve postaviti le še šest mož (5+1), prav tako je liga NHL postala ena prvih lig, v kateri so se vratarji med branjenjem smeli spustiti na tla. Priljubljenost lige se je povečevala tudi v 30. letih, veliko na račun radijskih prenosov Fosterja Hewitta, ki jih je bilo od leta 1933 dalje moč poslušati po celotni Severni Ameriki.


The Montreal Forum and Maple Leaf Gardens were built, and each played host to All-Star benefit games held to raise money to support Ace Bailey and the family of Howie Morenz in Toronto and Montreal, respectively. Both players' careers had ended due to an on-ice incident, with Morenz eventually dying, a month after he sustained his initial injury. These early NHL All-Star games would lead to the annual All-Star games which continue today.

The Great Depression and World War II reduced the league to six teams by 1942. Founding team Ottawa, and expansion teams New York Americans, Montreal Maroons and Pittsburgh Pirates/Philadelphia Quakers passed from the scene. Expansion team Detroit Falcons declared bankruptcy in 1932 and only survived through a merger with the Chicago Shamrocks of the American Hockey League and the pockets of prosperous owner James Norris to become the Detroit Red Wings. Desperate conditions in Montreal meant that the city nearly lost both of its teams in the 1930s; the Canadiens nearly moved to Cleveland, but survived due to its stronger fan support. The six teams left standing in 1942 (the Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Toronto Maple Leafs) are known today as the "Original Six".

Zgodovina lige NHL
National Hockey League
Zgodnja leta (1917–1942)
Original Six (1942–1967)
Doba širitev (1967–1992)
Moderna doba (1992–trenutno)
 p • p • u • z 

Background

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Ottawa Hockey Club, "Silver Seven", with the Stanley Cup in 1905

The first attempts to regulate competitive ice hockey matches came in the late 1880s. Before then, teams competed in tournaments and infrequent challenge contests that prevailed in the Canadian sports world at the time. In 1887, four clubs from Montreal, (the Montreals, the Crystals, the Victorias, McGill University, as well as Ottawa HC) formed the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) and developed a structured schedule. Lord Stanley donated the Stanley Cup and appointed Sheriff John Sweetland and Philip Dansken Ross as its trustees; they chose to award it to the best team in the AHAC, or to any pre-approved team that won it in a challenge. Since the Cup carried an air of nobility, its prestige greatly benefited the AHAC.[1]

The coordination and regularized schedule that the AHAC brought helped commercialize amateur ice hockey, which ran against the spirit of the prevailing amateur ethic.[2] As the importance of winning grew, AHAC clubs began recruiting players from outside, and the disparity in skill between teams of the AHAC and those of other leagues became clearer. Since team owners in the AHAC wanted to defend the Stanley Cup and maintain the organization's honour, and rink owners wanted senior hockey as their marquee attraction, AHAC clubs became increasingly reluctant about admitting new teams into the league and the senior series. When the relatively weak Ottawa Capitals joined in 1898, the five original clubs withdrew from the AHAC to form the new Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL).[3] In 1903, four new teams created the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL), and in 1904, the International Hockey League (IHL), based around Lake Michigan, was created as the first fully professional league. In recruiting players, the IHL caused an "Athletic War" that drained amateur clubs of top players, most noticeably in the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA).[4]

By the 1905–06 season, several of the FAHL and CAHL markets were overcrowded; for example, Montreal had seven clubs. To solve the problem, the leagues merged into the new Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA), which kept four of the Montreal clubs.[5] The new league mixed paid and amateur players in its rosters, which led to the demise of the IHL. With the IHL gone, teams from Toronto, Berlin (now Kitchener), Brantford, and Guelph filled the void with the Ontario Professional Hockey League (OPHL).[6] Bidding wars for players led many ECAHA teams to lose money, and before the 1907–08 season, the Montreal Victorias and the Montreal HC left. The ECAHA dropped "Amateur" from its name for the 1909 season, and on November 25, it folded. Ottawa HC, Quebec HC, and the Montreal Shamrocks founded the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA), and the league later admitted the Montreal Le National and All-Montreal HC. Rejected CHA applicants formed the National Hockey Association (NHA).[7]

When compared to the CHA, the geographical distances between NHA teams were much greater; however, the NHA's financial backers were more notable businessmen. These businessmen applied financial principles similar to those of early baseball, and the leagues quickly entered a bitter bidding war over players. In particular, after being rejected from the CHA, Renfrew aggressively pursued any players that the CHA's Ottawa club wanted. Montreal became a notable battleground as the NHA established two franchises, including the modern-day Montreal Canadiens.[8] With its significantly wealthier backers, the NHA easily recruited the top players, leaving the CHA teams, except Ottawa, relatively mediocre. Ottawa regularly trounced its opponents, and league attendance and interest dropped. The CHA's final season lasted eight games, and the league folded in 1910, as its Ottawa and Montreal clubs joined the NHA.[9]

Founding

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The Ottawa Senators, pictured in 1914–15, became a charter member of the National Hockey League

In the 1916–17 season, the NHA was facing numerous problems. The Quebec Bulldogs were in financial difficulty,[10] while the league's most popular team, the Toronto 228th Battalion, was called away to fight in World War I.[11] Several of the league's team owners were growing frustrated with Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone, with whom they had been having problems since 1915.[12] Prior to the start of the season, the owners of the Montreal teams, Sam Lichtenhein of the Wanderers and George Kennedy of the Canadiens, threatened to drop the Blueshirts from the league over a player dispute Livingstone was having with the 228th Battalion.[13] Livingstone was also in a dispute with the Ottawa Senators over the rights to Cy Denneny,[14] while Kennedy and Livingstone had a mutual dislike that occasionally threatened to come to blows at league meetings.[15]

The remaining owners used the loss of the 228th Battalion as a reason to eliminate the Blueshirts on February 11, 1917. The Montreal teams led a motion to reduce the NHA to four teams by removing the Blueshirts,[16] ignoring Livingstone's attempts to create a revamped five-team schedule.[12] Livingstone was promised that his players would be returned to him after the season.[11] The dispersal of the Blueshirts' players, organized by league secretary Frank Calder, was described by the Toronto Mail and Empire as a "raid of the Toronto players".[16] At the same meeting, the league adopted a motion commanding Livingstone sell the Blueshirts by June 1.[17]

We didn't throw Eddie Livingstone out. Perish the thought. That would have been illegal and unfair. Also, it wouldn't have been sporting. We just resigned, and wished him a fine future with his National Association franchise.

 —Sam Lichtenhein, as told to sports journalist Elmer Ferguson[15]

By November 1917, with the sale of Livingstone's Blueshirts still not completed, the remaining owners, realizing they were powerless under the NHA constitution to forcibly eject Livingstone, decided to suspend the NHA and form a new league without Livingstone.[18] On November 26, 1917, following several meetings of the NHA owners throughout the month, the National Hockey League was created at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal.[19] The new league was represented by Lichtenhein's Wanderers, Kennedy's Canadiens, Tommy Gorman on behalf of the Senators, and Mike Quinn of the Bulldogs. A new team in Toronto, under the control of the Toronto Arena Company, completed the five-team league.[10] The NHL adopted the NHA's constitution and named Calder its first president.[11] Quebec retained membership in the NHL, but did not operate that season, so their players were dispersed by draft among the other teams.[10]

Minutes of the first meeting

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At a meeting of representatives of hockey clubs held at the Windsor Hotel, Montreal, the following present, G.W. Kendall, S.E. Lichtenhein, T.P. Gorman, M.J. Quinn and Frank Calder, it was explained by the last named that in view of the suspension of operations by the National Hockey Association of Canada Limited, he had called the meeting at the suggestion of the Quebec Hockey Club to ascertain if some steps could not be taken to perpetuate the game of hockey.
Frank Calder was elected to the Chair and a discussion ensued after which it was moved by T.P. Gorman, seconded by G.W. Kendall: “That the Canadiens, Wanderers, Ottawa and Quebec Hockey Clubs unite to comprise the National Hockey League”. The motion was carried.
It was then moved by M.J. Quinn seconded by G.W. Kendall that: “This League agrees to operate under the rules and conditions governing the game of hockey prescribed by the National Hockey Association of Canada Limited”. The motion was carried.
At this stage, Mr. W.E. Northey, representing the Toronto Arena Company asked to be admitted to the meeting and was admitted. Mr. Northey explained that he was empowered by the interests he represented to say that in the event of a league being formed to contain four clubs, the Toronto Arenas desired to enter a team in the competition.
Upon this assurance M.J. Quinn on behalf of the Quebec Hockey Club declared the latter willing to withdraw provided a suitable arrangement could be made regarding players then the property of the Quebec Hockey Club.
After discussion it was unanimously agreed that the Quebec players be taken over by the league at a cost of $700 of which amount 50% should be paid to the Quebec Hockey Club by the club winning the championship, 30% by the second club and 20% by the third club in the race.
The meeting then proceeded to the election of officers. The following directors were elected S.E. Lichtenhein (Wanderers), Martin Rosenthal (Ottawa), G.W. Kendall (Canadiens) and a director to be named by the Toronto club.
M.J. Quinn was elected Honorary President with power to vote on matters pertaining to the general welfare of the league.
Frank Calder was elected President and Secretary-Treasurer at a salary of $800 on the understanding that there could be no appeal from his decisions.
After a schedule of Wednesday and Saturday games was adopted the meeting was adjourned.

From the Minutes of the First NHL Board of Governors Meeting, November, 1917[20]

The NHL was intended to be a temporary league, as the owners hoped to remove Livingstone from Toronto, then return to the NHA in 1918–19.[21] Livingstone had other ideas, filing lawsuits against the new league, the owners and the players in an attempt to keep his team operating.[11] Nonetheless, the NHL began play three weeks after it was created, with the first games held on December 19 in Ottawa and Montreal.[22]

Early years

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The NHL's first superstar was "Phantom" Joe Malone. A two-time NHA scoring champion, Malone scored five goals for the Montreal Canadiens in a 7–4 victory over the Ottawa Senators on the NHL's opening night.[22] Malone went on to record a league-leading 44 goals in 20 games in 1917–18.[23] He again led the NHL in scoring in 1919–20, scoring 39 goals in 24 games with the Quebec Bulldogs.[24] During that season, on January 20, 1920, Malone scored seven goals in one game against the Toronto St. Patricks, a record that still stands today.[25] Malone was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950.[26]

The first goal in NHL history was scored by Dave Ritchie of the Montreal Wanderers one minute into a 10–9 win over Toronto, which was the only victory the Wanderers recorded in the NHL. On January 2, 1918, a fire destroyed the Montreal Arena, home to both the Wanderers and the Canadiens.[27] While the Canadiens relocated to the 3,000-seat Jubilee Arena, Lichtenhein chose to withdraw the Wanderers, citing the lack of available players due to the war.[28] The NHL continued on as a three-team league until Quebec returned to it in 1919.[29]

In its first years, the NHL continued the NHA's split season format. The first-half champion Canadiens fell to the second-half champion Toronto team in the 1918 playoffs for the O'Brien Cup by a combined score of 10–7 in a two-game, total goals series.[30] The victory gave Toronto the right to face the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's champion, the Vancouver Millionaires, in the Stanley Cup final. The Torontos defeated Vancouver to become the first NHL team to win the Cup.[31]

The Canadiens won the NHL championship over the Senators in 1918–19, and traveled west to meet the PCHA's champion, the Seattle Metropolitans.[32] The series is best remembered for its cancellation with the series tied at two wins, two losses, and a tie (2–2–1) due to the Spanish flu pandemic.[33] Several players from both teams became ill, prompting health officials in Seattle to cancel the sixth, and deciding, game.[32] Canadiens defenceman Joe Hall died as a result of the flu on April 5, 1919.[34]

Meanwhile, defending champions Toronto finished in last place in both halves of the 1918–19 season. On February 20, 1919, Toronto informed the league that it was withdrawing from competition.[35] The NHL avoided being reduced to two teams for 1919–20 when the team was reorganized as the Toronto St. Patricks.[29] The Quebec Bulldogs also returned, increasing the league to four teams. The Bulldogs posted a 4–20 record in their one season in Quebec, despite the return of Malone, before relocating to Hamilton, Ontario to become the Hamilton Tigers in 1920.[36]

Georges Vezina played 16 seasons for the Montreal Canadiens between 1910 and 1925. The Vezina Trophy is named after him.

Throughout, Livingstone continued to try to revive the NHA, convening league meetings on September 20 and December 11, 1918, which representatives of the Canadiens, Senators and Wanderers determined to close out the expired league for good. [37]

Competition with the WCHL

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Beginning in 1921, the NHL faced competition from a third major league, the prairie-based Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). With three leagues competing for talent, ice hockey players were among the highest-paid athletes in North America. They commanded salaries equivalent to the top Major League Baseball players of the era.[38] The WCHL only survived for six seasons, merging with the PCHA in 1924, but challenged the NHL for the Stanley Cup four times. In the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals, the Senators defeated the Edmonton Eskimos after eliminating the PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires.[39] In 1924, the Canadiens defeated the PCHA's Millionaires and the WCHL's Calgary Tigers on the strength of two shutouts by Georges Vezina and a strong offensive showing by rookie forward Howie Morenz.[40]

In 1924–25, the Hamilton Tigers finished first in the NHL after four consecutive last-place finishes. While the Canadiens and St. Patricks prepared to play in a semi-final playoff round, the Tigers' players, upset that the team had turned a sizable profit despite claiming financial difficulty, went on strike to demand a C$200 playoff bonus each.[41] Threatened with fines, suspension and a possible lawsuit by league president Frank Calder, the players, led by Billy Burch and Shorty Green, held firm.[42] Calder then suspended the entire team and declared Montreal the NHL champions after they defeated Toronto in the semi-final.

The Canadiens faced the Victoria Cougars, then of the WCHL, in the 1925 Stanley Cup Finals. Victoria defeated Montreal three games to one in the best-of-five final. In doing so, they became the last non-NHL team to win the Stanley Cup.[43] The WCHL ceased operations one year later, with its assets purchased by the NHL for $300,000.[44] The rights to the Tigers' players, meanwhile, were purchased for $75,000 by New York mobster Bill Dwyer to stock his expansion New York Americans. The Americans began play in 1925, replacing the Tigers.[42]

1920s expansion

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The NHL grew to six teams in 1924, adding a second team in Montreal, the Maroons,[45] and the first American team, the Boston Bruins.[46] The Bruins were purchased by Charles Adams, a grocery store financier who first developed an interest in hockey during the Stanley Cup playoffs, paying $15,000 for the team.[46] The Maroons were created to replace the Wanderers and to appeal to the English population of Montreal.[45] The first NHL game played in the United States was a 2–1 Bruins victory over the Maroons at the Boston Arena on December 1, 1924.[47]

The Montreal Forum, which in later decades became synonymous with the Canadiens, was built in 1924 to house the Maroons.[45] The Canadiens did not move into the Forum until two years later. The Forum hosted its first Stanley Cup final in its second year, as the Maroons defeated the WCHL's Victoria Cougars in the 1926 Stanley Cup Finals, the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Cup.[48]

New York Rangers coach Lester Patrick was forced to play goal in the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals.

The New York Americans began play in 1925 along with the NHL's third American-based team, the Pittsburgh Pirates.[49] Three more teams were added for the 1926–27 season. Tex Rickard, operator of Madison Square Garden, had reluctantly allowed the Americans into his arena the year before. However, the Americans were so popular in New York he felt his arena could support a second team.[50] As a result, the New York Rangers were granted to Rickard on May 15, 1926.[51] In November of that year, the league announced that the cities of Detroit, Michigan and Chicago, Illinois would get teams. Detroit purchased the assets of the Victoria Cougars to stock the expansion Detroit Cougars. The players of the Portland Rosebuds were sold to coffee tycoon Frederic McLaughlin for his new Chicago Black Hawks team. The three new franchises brought the NHL to ten teams.

The Rangers reached the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals, in just their second season, against the Maroons.[52] Lorne Chabot was injured early in the second game of the series, leaving the Rangers without a goaltender.[53] As the Maroons were unwilling to allow the Rangers to substitute a goaltender watching from the Montreal Forum stands, Rangers coach Lester Patrick was forced into goal himself.[52] A defenceman during his playing days, the 44-year-old Patrick allowed only one goal on 19 shots as the Rangers won the game in overtime, 2–1.[52] The Rangers signed New York Americans goaltender Joe Miller the next day, and went on to capture the Stanley Cup in five games.[54]

Conn Smythe and the Toronto Maple Leafs

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Livingstone's court battles

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Throughout the NHL's first decade, Eddie Livingstone continued to press his claim to the Toronto franchise in court. On October 18, 1923, the Supreme Court of Ontario awarded Livingstone $100,000 in damages.[55] St. Patricks owner Charlie Querrie made numerous attempts to prevent Livingstone from collecting on his awards. In 1923, he transferred the ownership of his team to his wife, Ida, making her the first female owner in ice hockey history.[56] The $100,000 award was later reduced, causing Livingstone to appeal to the highest court in the British Empire, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England; the court denied his claim.[57]

Despite the reduced awards, the Querries found the pressures of meeting their obligations to Livingstone too great and, as a result, placed the St. Patricks up for sale in 1927.[58] On February 14, 1927, the St. Patricks were sold to a group represented by Conn Smythe for $160,000 despite a potentially greater offer from a Philadelphia-based group.[59] Among the first moves Smythe made was to rename his team the Toronto Maple Leafs.[60]

When Smythe bought the Leafs, he promised that the team would win the Stanley Cup within five years.[61] To that end, Smythe wanted to bring in a star player to help his team. In 1930, with the Senators struggling financially due to the Great Depression, they put King Clancy up for sale.[62] Smythe's partners could only offer $25,000 for Ottawa's defensive star, one-half of Ottawa's asking price.[63] In an attempt to raise money, Smythe entered a thoroughbred racing horse he owned, Rare Jewel, in the Coronation Futurity Stakes at odds of 106–1.[64] Rare Jewel won the race, earning Smythe over $15,000. Smythe then acquired Clancy for $35,000 and two players worth $15,000,[62] which was an unprecedented price to pay for one player.[65] It was also the only race Rare Jewel ever won.[64]

"Smythe's Folly"

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Maple Leaf Gardens in 1934

Smythe also envisioned building a new shrine for his team. He described it as "a place where people can go in evening clothes, if they want to come there for a party or dinner ... a place that people can be proud to bring their wives or girlfriends to".[66] Smythe purchased a piece of land at the corner of Church and Carlton Streets from the Eaton's department store chain for $350,000.[64] Skeptics argued that Smythe would never get the arena built, nor fill it, as the Depression was in full swing. They referred to the arena plan as "Smythe's Folly".[67] To help fund the arena, the Leafs convinced construction workers to accept 20% of their wages in shares in the arena.[68] Just 4½ months after breaking ground, Maple Leaf Gardens opened on November 12, 1931. Many in the sold-out crowd of over 13,000 wore evening clothes in response to Smythe's stated goal in building the arena.[69] In 1932, five years after Smythe's promise, the Leafs won the Stanley Cup in three games over the Rangers.[70]

Maple Leaf Gardens also featured the famous "gondola", a broadcast booth specially constructed for Foster Hewitt.[64] Hewitt began broadcasting hockey games in 1923 on CFCA, a radio station owned by his father, W.A. Hewitt. It was an assignment he initially did not want.[71] Smythe supported the broadcast of Leafs games in contrast of other team owners, who feared that airing games on the radio would cut into gate receipts.[68] By 1931, Hewitt had established himself as the voice of hockey in Canada with his famous catch-phrase: "he shoots, he scores!"[71] On January 1, 1933, Leafs' broadcasts were first heard across Canada on 20 stations of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (today the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation).[72] Hewitt's broadcasts quickly attracted audiences of over one million listeners.[70] The broadcasts became the precursor to Hockey Night in Canada, a Saturday night tradition that continues today.[71]

Ace Bailey benefit game

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On December 13, 1933, Bruins defenceman Eddie Shore, in a daze following what he thought was a check by Toronto's Ace Bailey, charged the latter player from behind, flipping Bailey into the air and causing him to suffer a severe skull fracture after he landed on his head. The check was so vicious that Bailey was given the last rites before being transported to the hospital in Boston.[73] Neurosurgeons operated throughout the night to save his life; however, Bailey's prognosis was so grim that morning papers printed his death notice. Bailey survived, but he never played professionally again.[74] Shore ultimately served a 16-game suspension for the hit, and avoided being charged with manslaughter had Bailey died.[75]

Participants of the Ace Bailey benefit game

To raise money for Bailey's recovery, Maple Leaf Gardens hosted the Ace Bailey All-Star Benefit Game on February 14, 1934.[74] The Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team of players from the rest of the league 7–3 while raising over $20,000.[76] Prior to the game, the Leafs announced that no Toronto player would ever wear Bailey's #6 again, marking the first time in NHL history that a team retired a player's jersey number.[75] Before the game, each player came out and shook Bailey's hand as they received their all-star jersey. The last player to do so was Eddie Shore.[74] The crowd, which had fallen silent as Shore approached, erupted into loud cheering as Bailey extended his hand towards his attacker.[75] Elmer Ferguson described the moment as "the most completely dramatic event I ever saw in hockey".[74]

Velika depresija

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Dres moštva Philadelphia Quakers. Quakersi so bili eno od 4 klubov, ki so razpadli med letoma 1931 in 1942.

V času, ko je Smythe gradil dvorano Maple Leaf Gardens, so številni klubi poslovali v rdečih številkah. Do konca sezone 1929/30 so tako Pittsburgh Piratesi zbrali že 400.000 dolarjev dolga in klub so pred naslednjo sezono preselili v Filadelfijo in ga preimenovali v Philadelphia Quakers. [77] Tudi Quakersi so delovali v finančno zaostrenem okolju in klub je po eni sezoni dokončno razpadel. Istočasno je svoje delovanje ustavil tudi nekdaj vlečni konj profesionalnega hokeja na ledu, Ottawa Hockey Club (poznani tudi pod vzdevkom Senators-Senatorji). Klubski funkcionarji so klub v sezoni 1932/33 sicer uspeli obuditi[78], a se stanje ni kaj dosti izboljšalo - moštvo se je še naprej borilo za obstanek. Kljub obljubi predsednika lige Calderja iz leta 1934, da Senatorji nikoli ne bodo zapustili "kanadskega rojstnega kraja hokeja na ledu," so klub kmalu preselili na jug in ga preimenovali v St. Louis Eagles. [73] Eaglesi so v St. Louisu delovali zgolj eno sezono, saj so po koncu le-te vodstvo lige zaprosili za prekinitev vseh operacij. Liga prošnji ni ugodila in je namesto tega klub kar sama odkupila in nato moštvo razpustila. Hokejisti Eaglesov so se razpršili v preostala moštva in v sezoni 1935/36 je liga NHL delovala le še z osmimi moštvi. [79]

Tisto poletje so se kljub prizadevanjem lastnikov Léa Danduranda in Josepha Cattarinicha za rešitev kluba v težavah znašli tudi Montreal Canadiensi. Slednji so se namreč po dveh sezonah v rdečih številkah, ko se je skupaj nabralo za 60.000 dolarjev dolga, znašli pred razpadom. V tistem času je v Montrealu hudo pustošila kriza, saj je socialno podporo prejemalo preko 40.000 družin in preko 150.000 posameznikov. [80] Dandurand in Cattarinich sta tako morebitnega kupca iskala širše in se o morebitni prodaji in selitvi kluba v Cleveland pogajala s tamkajšnjim gospodarstvenikom, A.C.-jem Suthpinom. Tik pred pričetkom sezone je nato v ospredje stopil sindikat lokalnih montrealskih poslovnežev in odkupil moštvo, ter s tem preprečil vsakršno selitev. [81] V tem sindikatu sta vodilni vlogi igrala Maurice Forget in Ernest Savard. [81]

Howie Morenz

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V tistem času je vodstvo lige povleklo pomemben ukrep zoper finančno krizo in znižalo maksimalni plačni limit na 62.500 dolarjev po ekipi in na 7.000 dolarjev po igralcu. Klubi so zatorej v želji upoštevati novo pravilo številne dobro plačane zvezdnike zamenjali v druge klube. [82] Največje ime takih igralskih menjav je bil Montrealov Howie Morenz, trikratni najkoristnejši igralec lige, dvakratni najučinkovitejši igralec lige in prepoznavni obraz Canadiensov. Domača dvorana kluba za 10.000 navijačev je zaradi krize na tekme privabljala le še po 2.000 navijačev na tekmo in lastnik Canadiensov Léo Dandurand se je odločil Morenza poslati v Chicago. [83] Montrealovi navijači so svoje nestrinjanje s prestopom pokazali na zadnji dan rednega dela sezone 1934/35, ko so Morenza za zadetek Chicaga proti Canadiensom nagradili s stoječimi ovacijami. Manj kot dve sezoni pozneje je Morenz znova branil barve Candiensov, potem ko je pol sezone nastopal še za moštvo New York Rangers. [84]

Morenz se je 28. januarja 1937 zapletel v nesrečo na ledu, ko je njegova drsalka med naletom branilca Chicaga Earla Seiberta zajela leseno ogrado. Preiskave so pokazale, da si je v nezgodi nogo zlomil kar na štirih mestih. [84] Med bivanjem v bolnišnici je Morenz doživel celo živčni zlom in naposled 8. marca umrl za koronarnim embolizmom. [85] Njegov soigralec Aurel Joliat je smrt pojasnil na drugačen način: »Howie je ljubil hokej, bolj kot je kdorkoli kadarkoli ljubili karkoli in ko je ugotovil, da ne bo mogel več igrati, s tem ni mogel več živeti. Mislim, da je Howie umrl zaradi strtega srca.« [86] Na dan pogreba je Morenzovo krsto v ledeni dvorani Montreal Forum na zadnjo pot pospremilo 50.000 obiskovalcev. Morenza so v tistem času mediji imenovali za »hokejskega Baba Rutha.« [85] Novembra 1937 so Montreal Canadiensi skupaj z moštvom zvezd lige NHL odigrali dobrodelno tekmo, na kateri so za Morenzovo družino zbrali 20.000 dolarjev. Zvezdniki so sicer Canadiense premagali s 6–5. [87] Morenza so leta 1945 ob ustanovitvi Hokejskega hram slavnih lige NHL vanj sprejeli kot enega prvih članov. [88]

Chicago's "All-American" team

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Conn Smythe, seen enlisting with the Canadian military in 1939.

In the mid-1930s, Black Hawks owner and staunch American patriot Frederic McLaughlin commanded his general manager to compile a team of only American players. At the time, Taffy Abel was the only American-born player who was a regular player in the league.[89] The Black Hawks hired Major League Baseball umpire Bill Stewart to be the first American coach in NHL history. They were led in goal by Minnesotan Mike Karakas, one of eight Americans on the 14-man roster.[90] The 1937–38 Black Hawks "All-American" team won only 14 of 48 games, finishing third in the American division. In the playoffs, however, the Hawks upset the Canadiens and the Americans to reach the Stanley Cup Final against the heavily favoured Maple Leafs.[91]

In the first game of the final, the Hawks were forced to use minor-league goaltender Alfie Moore after Karakas suffered a broken toe. Moore led the Hawks to a 3–1 victory before being ruled ineligible to play the rest of the series by the NHL.[91] After Chicago lost game two, Karakas returned wearing a steel-toed boot and led the Hawks to victories in games three and four, and the Stanley Cup. The 1938 Black Hawks remain the only team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup despite a losing regular-season record.[90]

Six-team league

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In the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals, the heavily favoured Maple Leafs initially found themselves unable to counter the fifth-place Red Wings' strategy of firing the puck into the offensive zone then chasing after it, losing the first three games of the final as a result. Jack Adams' "dump-and-chase" tactic led Leafs goaltender Turk Broda to declare the Wings "unbeatable".[92] Toronto rebounded, however, winning the final four games, and the Stanley Cup. The 1942 Leafs remain the only team in NHL history to come back from a 3–0 deficit to win a championship series.[93]

In financial difficulty, and unable to compete with the Canadiens for fan support in Montreal, the Maroons suspended operations prior to the 1938–39 season after being denied permission to relocate to St. Louis. Six Maroons players were transferred to the Canadiens while three were sold to the Black Hawks.[91] The Americans, also struggling in New York and under the control of the league, were turned over to Red Dutton in 1940 with orders to improve the club's finances.[94] By 1942, 90 players had left the NHL for active duty during World War II. Continuing to struggle financially, and due to a lack of players, the Americans were suspended prior to the 1942–43 season.[95] Thus began what became known as the "Original Six" era of the National Hockey League.

Rules and innovations

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Clint Benedict, shown in 1923, became the first goaltender to wear facial protection in a game in 1930.

The 1920s saw numerous rule innovations as the sport evolved. The Ottawa Senators won three Stanley Cups in the early 1920s using strong defence, and the goaltending of Clint Benedict, who recorded a record five shutouts in a 24-game season in 1921.[96] The Senators employed a strategy where they kept both defencemen and a forward in their own zone at all times after they gained a lead. After the Senators' third championship in 1924, Frank Calder made it illegal for more than two players to be in their defensive zone if the puck was not.[96]

Defence continued to dominate the game, however, as in 1928–29, the league averaged less than three goals per game. Canadiens goaltender George Hainsworth set what remains a league record with 22 shutouts in only 44 games.[97] As a result, the league allowed the use of the forward pass in all zones beginning in 1929. Previously, forward passing was allowed only in the defensive and neutral zones.[98] The change saw offence rise to 6.9 goals per game over the first third of the season as players began to park themselves on their opponent's goal crease.[99] The league responded by introducing the offside rule early in the 1929–30 season, barring offensive players from entering their opponent's zone before the puck.[97] Despite this, Cooney Weiland, Dit Clapper and Howie Morenz all broke the 40-goal mark, the first players to do so since Joe Malone scored 44 in the NHL's first season.[100]

Boston Bruins governor, Charles Adams had long disliked the defensive tactic of shooting the puck the length of the ice ("icing") to relieve pressure. After the New York Americans iced the puck 61 times in a 3–2 win in Boston during the 1936–37 season, Adams promised that he would see to it that the Bruins played a similar style in New York. True to his word, the Bruins iced the puck 87 times in a 0–0 tie at Madison Square Garden. The NHL introduced the icing rule the following season, calling for a faceoff in the offending team's defensive zone after each infraction.[101]

Benedict became the first goaltender to wear facial protection during a game, as he donned a leather mask to protect a broken nose on January 20, 1930.[102] The mask obscured Benedict's vision, and he abandoned it shortly after. Later that season, Benedict was again hit by a puck, effectively ending his NHL career.[103] It was not the first attempt at changing how goaltenders played their position. When the NHL was formed, the league abandoned the rule forbidding goaltenders from leaving their feet to make a save. While the NHA imposed a $2 fine every time a goalie left his feet, Calder dismissed the idea for the NHL. He was quoted as saying: "as far as I'm concerned, they can stand on their head if they choose to". The phrase became, and remains today, a popular way to describe a goaltender who plays a great game.[30]

Art Ross was an early innovator of the game. He designed rounded goal nets that became the league standard, replacing the old square-backed nets. He also successfully argued for using synthetic rubber pucks rather than real rubber.[104] Some of Ross' inventions did not catch on, however. Ross invented a puck with rounded edges that was rejected after goaltenders complained about their erratic behaviour on the ice. He also created a two-piece hockey stick that had a metal shaft and replaceable wooden blades. The idea did not catch on at the time, but was a forerunner to modern composite sticks used today.[101]

Timeline

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Glej tudi: Timeline of the National Hockey League
Montreal CanadiensMontreal WanderersToronto ArenasToronto Maple LeafsOttawa SenatorsSt. Louis EaglesQuebec BulldogsHamilton TigersNew York AmericansBoston BruinsMontreal MaroonsPittsburgh PiratesPhiladelphia QuakersChicago Black HawksDetroit Red WingsNew York Rangers


Notes

  • Toronto Maple Leafs known as the St. Patricks 1919–1927
  • Detroit Red Wings known as the Cougars 1926–1930 and Falcons 1930–1932
  • New York Americans known as the Brooklyn Americans 1941–1942
  • "SC" denotes won Stanley Cup

See also

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References

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  • Coleman, Charles (1964), Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I., Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-2941-5
  • Diamond, Dan (1991), The Official National Hockey League 75th Anniversary Commemorative Book, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-6727-5
  • Gillmor, Don (2001), Canada: A People's History, zv. two, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-3341-9
  • Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey, Dundurn Press, ISBN 1-55002-413-2
  • Jenish, D'Arcy (2008), The Montreal Canadians: 100 Years of Glory, Doubleday Canada, ISBN 978-0-385-66324-3
  • McFarlane, Brian (1990), 100 Years of Hockey, Summerhill Press, ISBN 0-929091-26-4
  • McKinley, Michael (2006), Hockey: A People's History, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-5769-5
  • Pincus, Arthur (2006), The Official Illustrated NHL History, Readers Digest, ISBN 0-88850-800-X
  • Sandor, Steven (2005), The Battle of Alberta: A Century of Hockey's Greatest Rivalry, Heritage House, ISBN 1-894974-01-8
  • Wong, John Chi-Kit (2001), The Development of Professional Hockey and the Making of the National Hockey League, University of Maryland College Park, ISBN 978-0-493-36894-8

Footnotes

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  1. ↑ Wong 2001, str. ;41–45
  2. ↑ Wong 2001, str. 47
  3. ↑ Wong 2001, str. 70
  4. ↑ Wong 2001, str. 73
  5. ↑ Wong 2001, str. 99
  6. ↑ Wong 2001, str. 114
  7. ↑ Wong 2001, str. ;127–128
  8. ↑ Wong 2001, str. ;128–131
  9. ↑ Wong 2001, str. ;132–140
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 McKinley 2006, str. 77
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 McGourty, John (26 November 2006), NHL celebrates 90th anniversary today ([mrtva povezava] – Scholar search), National Hockey League, pridobljeno 2008–05–10 {{citation}}: Preveri datumske vrednosti v: |accessdate= (pomoč); Zunanja povezava v |format= (pomoč)
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Pincus 2006, str. 20
  13. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 112
  14. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 113
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Holzman 2002, str. 23
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Holzman 2002, str. 121
  17. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 122
  18. ↑ »The National Hockey League«, Edmonton Oilers Heritage, Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation, pridobljeno 11. maja 2008
  19. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 159
  20. ↑ »NHL Founders Day, 1917«. Thomas Dilorenzo, NHL. Pridobljeno 9. decembra 2008.
  21. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 193
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Pincus 2006, str. 21
  23. ↑ »1917–18 NHL league leaders«, hockeydb.com, pridobljeno 12. maja 2008
  24. ↑ »1919–20 NHL league leaders«, hockeydb.com, pridobljeno 12. maja 2008
  25. ↑ Weisenmiller, Mark, »Hockey's 'Babe Ruth' and His Seven-Goal Game«, Center Ice Magazine, pridobljeno 12. maja 2008
  26. ↑ »The Legends—Joe Malone«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 14. maja 2008
  27. ↑ »To Rise from Ashes«, Montreal Gazette, Library and Archives Canada, 3. januar 1918, pridobljeno 12. maja 2008
  28. ↑ McFarlane, Brian, Early Leagues and the Birth of the NHL, National Hockey League, pridobljeno 12. maja 2008
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Pincus 2006, str. 24
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Pincus 2006, str. 22
  31. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 197
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Pincus 2006, str. 23
  33. ↑ »Stanley Cup winner—1918–19«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 14. maja 2008
  34. ↑ »The Legends—Joe Hall«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 14. maja 2008
  35. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 206
  36. ↑ »Quebec Bulldogs«, Sports encyclopedia, Tank Productions, pridobljeno 14. maja 2008
  37. ↑ Coleman 1964, str. 350
  38. ↑ Sandor 2005, str. 34
  39. ↑ »Early Teams—Edmonton Eskimos«, Edmonton Oilers Heritage, Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation, pridobljeno 16. maja 2008
  40. ↑ Sandor 2005, str. 33
  41. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 35
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Fitzpatrick, Jamie, Hockey History: The First NHL Strike, about.com, pridobljeno 16. maja 2008
  43. ↑ »Victoria Cougars—1924–25 Stanley Cup«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 10. junija 2008, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008 {{citation}}: Prezrt neznani parameter |deadurl= (predlagano je |url-status=) (pomoč)
  44. ↑ Sandor 2005, str. 35
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 45,2 McKinley 2006, str. 102
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 The History of the Hub of Hockey, Boston Bruins Hockey Club, pridobljeno 16. maja 2008
  47. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 227
  48. ↑ »Montreal Maroons—1925–26 Stanley Cup«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 30. septembra 2007, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008 {{citation}}: Prezrt neznani parameter |deadurl= (predlagano je |url-status=) (pomoč)
  49. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 262
  50. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 33
  51. ↑ New York Rangers Granted Franchise, National Hockey League, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 52,2 Pincus 2006, str. 30
  53. ↑ »Player profile—Lorne Chabot«, legendsofhockey.net, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008
  54. ↑ »New York Rangers—1927–28 Stanley Cup«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008
  55. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 225
  56. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 228
  57. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 229
  58. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 295
  59. ↑ Holzman 2002, str. 299
  60. ↑ Maple Leafs History—1920s, Toronto Maple Leafs Hockey Club, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008
  61. ↑ McKinley 2006, str. 111
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 Pincus 2006, str. 43
  63. ↑ McKinley 2006, str. 112
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 64,2 64,3 McKinley 2006, str. 113
  65. ↑ »The Legends—King Clancy«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 24. maja 2008
  66. ↑ Gillmor 2001, str. 158
  67. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 39
  68. ↑ 68,0 68,1 Gillmor 2001, str. 159
  69. ↑ McKinley 2006, str. 115
  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 Diamond 1991, str. 65
  71. ↑ 71,0 71,1 71,2 Pincus 2006, str. 41
  72. ↑ »Hockey—The Early Years«, Histor!ca, The Historica Foundation of Canada, pridobljeno 28. maja 2008
  73. ↑ 73,0 73,1 McKinley 2006, str. 117
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 74,2 74,3 Pincus 2006, str. 47
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 75,2 »One on one with Ace Bailey«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 28. maja 2008
  76. ↑ Diamond 1991, str. 68
  77. ↑ »Pittsburgh Pirates«, Sports Encyclopedia, Tank Productions, pridobljeno 7. junija 2008
  78. ↑ McKinley 2006, str. 116
  79. ↑ McFarlane 1990, str. 33
  80. ↑ Jenish 2008, str. ;80–81
  81. ↑ 81,0 81,1 Jenish 2008, str. ;84–85
  82. ↑ Diamond 1991, str. 69
  83. ↑ McKinley 2006, str. 118
  84. ↑ 84,0 84,1 McKinley 2006, str. 119
  85. ↑ 85,0 85,1 Pincus 2006, str. 50
  86. ↑ McKinley 2006, str. 120
  87. ↑ Diamond 1991, str. 74
  88. ↑ »Legende: Howie Morenz«, Legends of Hockey, Hokejski hram slavnih lige NHL, arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 12. avgusta 2004, pridobljeno 7. junija 2008 {{citation}}: Prezrt neznani parameter |deadurl= (predlagano je |url-status=) (pomoč) (angleško)
  89. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 52
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 Pincus 2006, str. 53
  91. ↑ 91,0 91,1 91,2 McFarlane 1990, str. 37
  92. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 62
  93. ↑ McFarlane 1990, str. 43
  94. ↑ Diamond 1991, str. 79
  95. ↑ McFarlane 1990, str. 43
  96. ↑ 96,0 96,1 Pincus 2006, str. 25
  97. ↑ 97,0 97,1 Pincus 2006, str. 36
  98. ↑ Eliot, Darren, »Success of Olympic rules could lead to NHL changes«, Sports Illustrated, CNNSI, pridobljeno 21. maja 2008
  99. ↑ Pincus 2006, str. 45
  100. ↑ Diamond 1991, str. 53
  101. ↑ 101,0 101,1 Diamond 1991, str. 63
  102. ↑ Diamond 1991, str. 34
  103. ↑ »The Legends—Clint Benedict«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 14. junija 2008
  104. ↑ »The Legends—Art Ross«, Legends of Hockey, Hockey Hall of Fame, pridobljeno 14. junija 2008
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