地域大国
地区内拥有较大影响的国家
(重定向自地域大國)
地域大國或稱區域強權,指在國際關係中,一個在某個地理區域內擁有較大影響力的國家[1][2]。這些國家被認為是控制某個地區安全性的關鍵國家[3],所掌握的影響力與實力能夠讓它們成為一地區性霸主。
特性
编辑地域大國通常在某個地區具有影響力,但是通常情況下,它們的影響力還不足以影響整個世界。關於地域大國的定義目前還有一定的爭議,根據歐洲政治研究協會的定義,“地域大國是某個地理區域內在經濟上、軍事上處於主導地位,擁有控制該地區能力并在世界範圍內具有一定影響力的國家。它們運用自己的實力使自己成為,或強迫該地區其他國家承認自己是該地區的領導人。”[1]
德國全球和區域研究所(German Institute of Global and Area Studies)認為地域大國必須具有以下特點:
- 與該地區具有地緣性的聯繫;
- 符合一個地域大國的形象;
- 能夠在該地區實際思想上的影響力;
- 在人口、經濟、軍事、政治和意識形態上具有領先地位;
- 很高地融入該區域;
- 對地區性安全具有較高的掌控力;
- 能夠得到該地區其他國家,尤其是其他地域大國的接受和讚揚;
- 能夠很好地溝通地域和全球。[2]
目前的地域大國
编辑以下國家是目前已經被大多數國際關係學和政治學學者、分析師或專家所認可的地域大國。這些國家在一定程度上滿足上述地域大國的標準,但是對於究竟是不是地域大國,不同的學者有不同的意見,以下並非依排名排列。
亞洲
编辑東亞
编辑東南亞
编辑南亞
编辑中亞
编辑西亞
编辑- 伊朗[註 1][3][15][21][19][20]
- 以色列[註 2][3][21][22]
- 沙烏地阿拉伯[註 1][3][15][23]
- 土耳其[24][25][26][27]
- 阿联酋[28][29][30]
歐洲
编辑东歐
编辑西歐
编辑美洲
编辑北美洲
编辑中南美洲
编辑非洲
编辑东部非洲
编辑南部非洲
编辑中部非洲
编辑西部非洲
编辑北部非洲
编辑大洋洲
编辑注释
编辑參考文獻
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 www.essex.ac.uk. [2007-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-02).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 www.giga-hamburg.de (PDF). [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-03-27).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Buzan, Barry. The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. 2004: 71. ISBN 0745633757.
- ^ Gyngell, Allan. Living With The Giants. Time. 2005-04-18 [2019-10-04]. ISSN 0040-781X. (原始内容存档于2019-10-03) (美国英语).
- ^ China: Global/Regional Power. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2005-10-18).
- ^ CNN In-Depth Specials - Visions of China - Asian Superpower: Regional 'godfather' or local bully?. www.cnn.com. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2000-02-29).
- ^ Correspondents Report - China: paramount power in South East Asia. www.abc.net.au. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-23).
- ^ China's 'Peaceful Rise' Doctrine. [2007-05-23]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-31).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 存档副本. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-07).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Holliday, Ian. Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem. Japanese Journal of Political Science. 2005/12, 6 (3): 393–410 [2019-10-04]. ISSN 1474-0060. doi:10.1017/S1468109905001969. (原始内容存档于2020-04-24) (英语).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 www.csbaonline.org. [2011-08-09]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03).
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2010-04-24]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-01-09).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 www.aims.ca (PDF). [2011-06-29]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-07-21).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 [1]
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole. Regions and powers: the structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003: 55. ISBN 0521891116.
- ^ Perkovich, George. Is India a Major Power? (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. [2007-12-13]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-02-27).
- ^ Encarta - Great Powers. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2009-11-01).
- ^ Dilip Mohite. Swords and Ploughshares- India: The Fourth Great Power?. Vol. 7, No. 3. Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS). Spring 1993 [2007-12-13]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-01).
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 NIC Chairman: The CIA in the New World Order — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-17).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 meria.idc.ac.il. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-11).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 www.chathamhouse.org.uk (PDF). [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-06-29).
- ^ Walt, John Mearsheimer and Stephen. The Israel Lobby. London Review of Books. 2006-03-23: 3–12 [2019-10-04]. ISSN 0260-9592. (原始内容存档于2019-10-05).
- ^ Kawaguchi asks Saudi Arabia to put pressure on Iraq | Japan Policy & …. archive.is. 2012-05-29 [2019-10-04]. 原始内容存档于2012-05-29.
- ^ 'The Balkans Opening': The Tadic-Gul meeting at Karlowitz, by Ihsan Bal. October 31, 2009.. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-24).
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2011-06-29]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-16).
- ^ yaleglobal.yale.edu. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2004-08-26).
- ^ www.acronym.org.uk. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Maclean, William. Syria raids show Saudi, UAE ambition to extend regional authority. Reuters. 30 September 2014 [26 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-26).
- ^ Gause, F. Gregory. ISIS and the New Middle East Cold War. Brookings Institution. 25 August 2014 [26 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-26).
- ^ Matthew, Francis. UAE’s growing openness. Gulf News. 15 October 2014 [26 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-30).
- ^ http://www.carnegie.ru/en/pubs/media/69778.htm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) www.carnegie.ru
- ^ "Regional Powers React to Proposed US Invasion of Iraq". www.globalpolicy.org. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-07).
- ^ tspace.library.utoronto.ca (PDF). [2011-06-29]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-06-28).
- ^ 34.0 34.1 Relations, Inaugural Pan-European Conference in International; Int, Inaugural Pan-European Conference in. The Middle East and Europe: The Power Deficit. Psychology Press. 1998 [2019-10-04]. ISBN 9780415140447. (原始内容存档于2020-04-24) (英语).
- ^ www.cont-ed.cam.ac.uk. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2009-08-16).
- ^ White, Michael Defence cuts: will the US now give up on us? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) guardian.co.uk, 19 October 2010
- ^ 37.0 37.1 Ovendale, Ritchie. Review of Power in Europe? Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945-1950, , ; Histoire des débuts de la construction européenne (mars 1948-mai 1950). Origins of the European Integration (March 1948-May 1950). The English Historical Review. 1988, 103 (406): 154–156 [2019-10-04]. ISSN 0013-8266. (原始内容存档于2019-12-31).
- ^ foreignaffairs.org (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)| Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann speak of Italy as a major country or "player" along with Germany, France, Japan, and the United Kingdom, in "The Long War Against Corruption".
- ^ M. De Leonardis, Il Mediterraneo nella politica estera italiana del secondo dopoguerra, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2003, p. 17
- ^ carabinieri.it. [2020-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-24).
- ^ 41.0 41.1 Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era. [2007-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-12).
- ^ 42.0 42.1 www.britannica.com. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2007-05-05).
- ^ 43.0 43.1 SOARES DE LIMA, MARIA REGINA; HIRST, MÔNICA. Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities. International Affairs (Oxford University Press (OUP)). 2006, 82 (1): 21–40. ISSN 0020-5850. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00513.x.
- ^ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz. Brazil as a Regional Power and Its Relations with the United States. Latin American Perspectives. 2006-05-01, 33 (3): 12–27. ISSN 0094-582X. doi:10.1177/0094582X06287338 (英语).
- ^ Plan Hang On. The Economist. 2015-06-13 [2019-10-04]. ISSN 0013-0613. (原始内容存档于2020-04-24).
- ^ www.fntg.org (PDF). [2011-06-29]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-02).
- ^ 47.0 47.1 "And in the Horn of Africa, there is Ethiopia as the regional power." See Godfrey Mwakikagile, Africa is in a Mess (Pretoria: New Africa Press, 2006), p. 31.
- ^ 48.0 48.1 "Regional powers, typically Nigeria and South Africa, but also including Algeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Senegal, that are perceived as crucial to the maintenance of regional stability and therefore as "regional anchors" of counterterrorism effors." See U.S. Naval War College, American Foreign Policy: Regional Perspectives (Newport, USA: Ruger Workshop: 2009), p. 263.
- ^ 49.0 49.1 www.iss.co.za. [2011-06-29]. (原始内容存档于2006-10-12).
- ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "West Africa, with its strong French influence, is home to one of Africa's two regional giants, Nigeria, and the region has seen the scene of much political and ethnic unrest." See David Lynch, Trade and Globalization (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.
- ^ 51.0 51.1 51.2 "South Africa is not the sole regional power on the continent, though; Nigeria is the other widely acknowledge centre of power in Africa and likewise a sub-regional superpower in West Africa." See Deon Geldenhuys, "South Africa: The Idea-driven Foreign Policy of a Regional Power," in Regional Leadership in the Global System, edited by Daniel Flemes (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010), p. 151.
- ^ "Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized." See David Lynch, Trade and Globalization (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51.
- ^ 53.0 53.1 U.S. Department of Defense. U.S. Department of Defense. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-09-01) (美国英语).
- ^ Mubarak's game. archive.is. 2012-05-29 [2019-10-04]. 原始内容存档于2012-05-29.
- ^ Algeria: Current Issues By Carol Migdalovitz
- ^ Australia as an Asia-Pacific Regional Power: Friendships in Flux?, 1st Edition (Hardback) - Routledge. Routledge.com. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-07) (英语).
- ^ Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. Media Releases - Minister for Foreign Affairs - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. foreignminister.gov.au. [2019-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-05) (英语).