Brittle nails (onychoschizia) are a common issue that often occurs due to moisture imbalances, repeated damage, and aging.
A person’s nails may start splitting at the free end of the nail. Other common presentations include a loss of keratin in the nail and deep vertical splitting of the nail.
Brittle nails may become thick, breakable, or soft and pliable. In many cases, people with brittle nails can take steps to strengthen them and prevent future issues.
This article looks at what causes brittle nails, some treatments and self-care tips, and when to see a doctor.
Nail brittleness occurs due to repeated damage to the nails, although the exact cause is not always obvious. While direct impact damage can cause nail brittleness, water submersion, chemical nail products, and over-moisturizing the nails may also cause damage.
Too little moisture
Frequent wetting and drying of the nails from activities such as handwashing or doing the dishes can strip the moisture from the nails. This lack of moisture can lead to thinning and brittleness.
People are also more likely to have dry nails in hot, dry environments or during the winter months.
Age
Age can affect the strength of a person’s nails. Nails naturally decrease in strength over time, which can cause them to break more easily.
Underlying conditions
Some underlying conditions can cause brittle nais. These include:
- some forms of psoriasis
- eczema
- anemia
- thyroid disorders
The exact mechanism by which this occurs will vary.
Deficiencies
There are limited treatments and medications available for brittle nails. A doctor may simply recommend taking supplements to strengthen them.
However, the following home care tips may help strengthen the nails.
Applying nail hardener
For people with soft nails, applying a clear coat of nail polish or another nail product may help increase nail strength over time.
Moisturizing
People with dry nails may wish to consider using a moisturizer on their hands and nails. They can do this during the day or at night before bed. Increasing moisture can help dry nails become less brittle.
Wearing gloves
Wearing gloves when washing the dishes or using cleaning products can help prevent further damage and strengthen the nails.
Making some of the following changes to diet may help strengthen brittle nails:
- Getting adequate protein in the diet: Nails are largely made up of keratin protein. Eating the right amount of protein is vital for boosting keratin production and maintaining strong nails.
- Eating iron-rich foods: If a person has an iron deficiency or anemia, they should consider eating foods rich in iron, such as red meat or spinach. They may also consider taking iron supplements, but they should consult their doctor first, as these can interact with certain medications.
As a person ages, taking good care of the nails can help prevent brittle nails and maintain healthy ones.
The following tips may help:
- gently filing away snags or other rough spots on the nails to help prevent breaks
- not using metal tools or instruments when caring for the nails
- avoiding products such as nail polish remover that contains acetone
- wearing rubber gloves while doing the dishes and other tasks that involve water
- keeping the nails trimmed
- not picking at or biting the nails
Brittle nails are not necessarily a major cause for concern. However, a person may wish to see a doctor if they notice additional accompanying symptoms.
For example, fatigue could be a symptom of iron deficiency or anemia, and weight gain or loss could indicate a thyroid issue.
A person may also want to see a doctor if home remedies to strengthen their nails are not working. They may be able to suggest additional treatments or determine the cause of the brittleness.
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Too moist or too dry nails typically become brittle. In less common cases, anemia or thyroid problems may also cause brittle nails. Also, as a person ages, they are more likely to develop brittle nails.
To prevent brittle nails, people can take steps such as wearing gloves when cleaning, practicing proper nail care, and getting enough protein in their diet.