TABLE 2.
Subgroup analyses for the effect of WGs on subjective appetite in adults1
| Outcome and subgroups | Number of comparisons/studies | Subjects (WG/control) | Effect estimate SMD (95% CI)2 | I 2 (%) | P value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hunger AUC | |||||
| Type of WG | |||||
| Rye | 22/9 | 759 (378/381) | −0.42 (−0.57, −0.26) | 12.04 | <0.001 |
| Wheat | 10/7 | 330 (165/165) | −0.27 (−0.52, −0.02) | 22.14 | <0.031 |
| Amount of WG (median split) | |||||
| ≤88.8 g | 18/8 | 748 (374/374) | −0.20 (−0.34, −0.06) | 0.00 | 0.006 |
| >88.6 g | 17/10 | 531 (267/264) | −0.53 (−0.72, −0.35) | 16.07 | <0.001 |
| Feeding approach | |||||
| Matched available CHO | 24/11 | 821 (409/412) | −0.44 (−0.59, −0.30) | 10.65 | <0.001 |
| Matched calories | 7/4 | 276 (138/138) | −0.10 (−0.33, 0.14) | 0.00 | 0.421 |
| Matched calories and volume | 6/4 | 246 (123/123) | −0.22 (−0.47, 0.03) | 0.00 | 0.078 |
| Measurement timing | |||||
| Acute appetite test | 31/15 | 1096 (548/548) | −0.35 (−0.49, −0.21) | 24.80 | <0.001 |
| Subsequent meal appetite test | 4/3 | 183 (90/93) | −0.35 (−0.64, −0.06) | 0.00 | 0.019 |
| Fullness AUC | |||||
| Type of WG | |||||
| Rye | 17/6 | 531 (265/266) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.75) | 35.77 | <0.001 |
| Wheat | 6/5 | 170 (85/85) | 0.53 (0.12, 0.94) | 42.56 | 0.012 |
| Amount of WG (median split) | |||||
| ≤90.0 g | 13/6 | 496 (248/248) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.54) | 28.12 | 0.002 |
| >90.0 g | 12/6 | 357 (178/179) | 0.69 (0.43, 0.94) | 28.72 | <0.001 |
| Feeding approach | |||||
| Matched available CHO | 19/7 | 609 (304/305) | 0.57 (0.37, 0.77) | 34.09 | <0.001 |
| Matched calories | 5/3 | 194 (97/97) | 0.19 (−0.18, 0.57) | 43.81 | 0.315 |
| Satiety AUC | |||||
| Type of WG | |||||
| Rye | 10/5 | 351 (173/178) | 0.31 (0.07, 0.55) | 22.38 | 0.011 |
| Wheat | 6.5 | 178 (89/89) | 0.22 (−0.07, 0.51) | 0.00 | 0.141 |
| Barley | 7/2 | 156 (77/79) | 0.46 (0.15, 0.76) | 0.00 | 0.004 |
| Amount of WG (median split) | |||||
| ≤88.3 g | 12/5 | 323 (160/163) | 0.21 (−0.004, 0.42) | 0.00 | 0.055 |
| >88.3 g | 12/9 | 386 (191/195) | 0.42 (0.23, 0.63) | 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Feeding approach | |||||
| Matched available CHO | 19/9 | 561 (277/284) | 0.37 (0.21, 0.53) | 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Matched calories | 4/2 | 146 (73/73) | 0.08 (−0.24, 0.40) | 0.00 | 0.631 |
| Matched calories and volume | 3//3 | 66 (33/33) | 0.36 (−0.11, 0.84) | 0.00 | 0.132 |
| Measurement timing | |||||
| Acute appetite test | 20/10 | 526 (265/261) | 0.31 (0.14, 0.48) | 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Subsequent meal appetite test | 4/3 | 183 (90/93) | 0.38 (0.09, 0.67) | 0.00 | 0.011 |
| Desire to eat AUC | |||||
| Type of WG | |||||
| Rye | 21/8 | 727 (363/364) | −0.36 (−0.50, −0.21) | 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Amount of WG (median split) | |||||
| ≤88.8 g | 13/6 | 552 (276/276) | −0.23 (−0.40, −0.07) | 0.00 | 0.006 |
| >88.8 g | 13/5 | 341 (170/171) | −0.50 (−0.72, −0.28) | 6.56 | <0.001 |
| Feeding approach | |||||
| Matched available CHO | 20/8 | 681 (340/341) | −0.42 (−0.57, −0.27) | 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Matched calories | 5/3 | 212 (106/106) | −0.07 (−0.33, 0.20) | 0.00 | 0.623 |
| Measurement timing | |||||
| Acute appetite test | 21/8 | 711 (355/356) | −0.34 (−0.50, −0.19) | 14.12 | <0.001 |
| Subsequent meal appetite test | 4/3 | 182 (91/91) | −0.35 (−0.64, −0.06) | 0.00 | 0.018 |
| Prospective consumption AUC | |||||
| Type of WG | |||||
| Wheat | 5/4 | 150 (75/75) | −0.15 (−0.51, 0.21) | 19.32 | 0.406 |
| Amount of WG (median split) | |||||
| ≤86.8 g | 4/3 | 184 (92/92) | −0.17 (−0.46, 0.12) | 0.00 | 0.240 |
| >86.8 g | 4/4 | 116 (58/58) | −0.40 (−1.02, 0.23) | 62.96 | 0.213 |
| Feeding approach | |||||
| Matched avail CHO | 6/5 | 258 (129/129) | −0.21 (−0.53, 0.11) | 38.83 | 0.202 |
1
CHO, carbohydrate; RG, refined grain; SMD, standardized mean difference; WG, whole grain.
2
Effect estimates and P values from random effects models.