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. 2024 Nov 11;5:57. doi: 10.1186/s43556-024-00222-x

Table 4.

Various biomedical technologies and innovations that have contributed to the development of vaccines with examples

S/N Technology Use Example Reference
1 mRNA Prophylactic 1273 (Moderna), BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccines [106, 122]
2 mRNA prophylactic Varicella zoster vaccine (vzvgE) [123]
3 mRNA Prophylactic Zika virus vaccine [124, 195]
4 mRNA Prophylactic Influenza Vaccine [125]
5 mRNA Prophylactic Cytomegalo virus vaccine [126]
6 mRNA Prophylactic RSV [127]
7 mRNA Prophylactic Rabies virus vaccine [128]
8 mRNA Prophylactic (clinical trials) HIV vaccine [129]
9 mRNA Therapeutic Melanoma vaccines [142, 143, 196]
10 mRNA Therapeutic Glioblastoma vaccines [145]
12 mRNA Therapeutics NSCLC [147]
13 mRNA Therapeutics Ovarian cancer [149]
14 mRNA Therapeutics Breast cancer [150, 151]
15 mRNA Therapeutics Cystic fibrosis [152]
17 Recombinant DNA Prophylactic Cervical cancer (HPV) [158, 159]
18 Recombinant DNA Therapeutic Cervical cancer (HPV) [165]
19 Recombinant DNA Therapeutic Tuberculosis (MTB) [166]
20 Recombinant DNA Prophylactic Avian influenza [161, 163]
21 Recombinant DNA Prophylactic HIV [164]
22 Recombinant DNA Prophylactic Hip B [160]
23 CRISPR –Cas systems Therapeutics HBV [173]
24 CRISPR –Cas systems Prophylactic Influenza [112]
25 Viral vector Prophylactic

SARS-COV-2 (Janssen vaccine

Sputnik vaccine, Covishield)

[174, 175, 177, 178]
26 Viral vector Prophylactic Pox virus [179]
27 Protein subunit Prophylactic Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) [187]
28 Protein subunit Prophylactic Malaria [188]
29 Protein subunit Prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 [189],
30 Nano particles Prophylactic Covid-19 [190]
31 Nano particles Prophylactic HPV [192]