Table 4.
Various biomedical technologies and innovations that have contributed to the development of vaccines with examples
| S/N | Technology | Use | Example | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mRNA | Prophylactic | 1273 (Moderna), BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccines | [106, 122] |
| 2 | mRNA | prophylactic | Varicella zoster vaccine (vzvgE) | [123] |
| 3 | mRNA | Prophylactic | Zika virus vaccine | [124, 195] |
| 4 | mRNA | Prophylactic | Influenza Vaccine | [125] |
| 5 | mRNA | Prophylactic | Cytomegalo virus vaccine | [126] |
| 6 | mRNA | Prophylactic | RSV | [127] |
| 7 | mRNA | Prophylactic | Rabies virus vaccine | [128] |
| 8 | mRNA | Prophylactic (clinical trials) | HIV vaccine | [129] |
| 9 | mRNA | Therapeutic | Melanoma vaccines | [142, 143, 196] |
| 10 | mRNA | Therapeutic | Glioblastoma vaccines | [145] |
| 12 | mRNA | Therapeutics | NSCLC | [147] |
| 13 | mRNA | Therapeutics | Ovarian cancer | [149] |
| 14 | mRNA | Therapeutics | Breast cancer | [150, 151] |
| 15 | mRNA | Therapeutics | Cystic fibrosis | [152] |
| 17 | Recombinant DNA | Prophylactic | Cervical cancer (HPV) | [158, 159] |
| 18 | Recombinant DNA | Therapeutic | Cervical cancer (HPV) | [165] |
| 19 | Recombinant DNA | Therapeutic | Tuberculosis (MTB) | [166] |
| 20 | Recombinant DNA | Prophylactic | Avian influenza | [161, 163] |
| 21 | Recombinant DNA | Prophylactic | HIV | [164] |
| 22 | Recombinant DNA | Prophylactic | Hip B | [160] |
| 23 | CRISPR –Cas systems | Therapeutics | HBV | [173] |
| 24 | CRISPR –Cas systems | Prophylactic | Influenza | [112] |
| 25 | Viral vector | Prophylactic |
SARS-COV-2 (Janssen vaccine Sputnik vaccine, Covishield) |
[174, 175, 177, 178] |
| 26 | Viral vector | Prophylactic | Pox virus | [179] |
| 27 | Protein subunit | Prophylactic | Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) | [187] |
| 28 | Protein subunit | Prophylactic | Malaria | [188] |
| 29 | Protein subunit | Prophylactic | SARS-CoV-2 | [189], |
| 30 | Nano particles | Prophylactic | Covid-19 | [190] |
| 31 | Nano particles | Prophylactic | HPV | [192] |