Fig. 5.
Signaling pathways by which caseins induce biological activities in tumor cells. Caseins and peptides derived from casein bind to several cell surface binding sites to activate the JAK/STAT1 pathway and induce the arrest of cell cycle and apoptosis. On the other hands, peptides derived from casein also downregulate JAK/STAT3, HIF1α, CD44, and NF-κB activation; it reduces cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor growth, inflammation, metastasis, and the mitochondrial membrane potential inducing ATP loss and apoptosis in cancer cells