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Benjamin O. Davis Jr.

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Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
Born(1912-12-18)December 18, 1912
Washington, D.C., United States
DiedJuly 4, 2002(2002-07-04) (aged 89)
Washington, D.C., United States
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchUnited States Army
United States Air Force
Years of service1936–1970
RankGeneral
Commands99th Pursuit Squadron
332nd Fighter Group
Tuskegee Airmen
51st Fighter Wing
Thirteenth Air Force
Battles / warsWorld War II
Korean War
Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
Vietnam War
AwardsAir Force Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Legion of Merit (3)
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal (5)
Army Commendation Medal (3)
Langley Gold Medal
RelationsBenjamin O. Davis Sr. (father)
Other workFederal Sky Marshal Program
Assistant Secretary of Transportation

Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. (December 18, 1912 – July 4, 2002) was a United States Air Force (USAF) general and commander of the World War II Tuskegee Airmen.

He was the first African-American brigadier general in the USAF. On December 9, 1998, he was advanced to four-star general by President Bill Clinton. During World War II, Davis was commander of the 99th Fighter Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group, which escorted bombers on air combat missions over Europe. Davis flew sixty missions in P-39 Airacobra, Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, P-47 Thunderbolt, and P-51 Mustang fighters and was one of the first African-American pilots to see combat. Davis followed in his father's footsteps in breaking racial barriers, as Benjamin O. Davis Sr. had been the first black brigadier general in the United States Army.[citation needed]

Early life

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On December 18, 1912, Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. was born in Washington, D.C., the second of three children born to Benjamin O. Davis Sr. and Elnora Dickerson Davis.[1] His father was a U.S. Army officer, a lieutenant at that time, stationed in Wyoming with the 9th Cavalry, a segregated African-American regiment. Davis Sr. served 41 years before he was promoted to brigadier general in October 1940. Elnora Davis died from complications after giving birth to their third child in 1916.[citation needed]

In the summer of 1926, at age 13, Davis Jr (or Davis) flew with a barnstorming pilot at Bolling Field in Washington, D.C. The experience led to his determination to become a pilot himself.[1]

In 1929, at the beginning of the Great Depression, Davis graduated from Central High School in Cleveland, Ohio.[1] That same year, he began attending Western Reserve University (1929–1930).[1][2]

Early military career

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In July 1932, after attending the University of Chicago, Davis entered the United States Military Academy (West Point).[1][2] He graduated from West Point in 1936, becoming the first black man to do so since 1889.[3] His sponsor was Representative Oscar De Priest (R-IL) of Chicago, who was, at the time, the only black member of Congress.[citation needed]

During his four years at the academy, Davis was isolated by his white classmates on account of his race. He never had a roommate. He ate by himself. His classmates rarely spoke to him outside the line of duty, intending that their "silent treatment" would drive him from the academy. It had the opposite effect; it steeled his determination to endure the animosity and to compete and graduate. Ultimately, his perseverance earned the respect of his classmates, as evidenced by a biographical note of Davis in the 1936 yearbook, the Howitzer:

"The courage, tenacity, and intelligence with which he conquered a problem incomparably more difficult than plebe year won for him the sincere admiration of his classmates, and his single-minded determination to continue in his chosen career cannot fail to inspire respect wherever fortune may lead him."[4]

Davis graduated in June 1936, 35th in a class of 276. He was the academy's fourth black graduate after Henry Ossian Flipper (1877), John Hanks Alexander (1887), and Charles Young (1889).[1] When he was commissioned as a second lieutenant, the Army had only two black officers who weren't chaplains – Benjamin O. Davis Sr. and Benjamin O. Davis Jr.[5] After graduation he married Agatha Scott whom he met while a cadet at West Point.[2]

At the start of his junior year at West Point, Davis had applied for the Army Air Corps but was rejected because it did not accept African Americans. In 1936, the U.S. Army assigned Davis to the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments) at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was not allowed inside the base officers' club based on his race.[citation needed]

In June 1937, Davis attended the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning.[1] He was later assigned to teach military tactics at Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Tuskegee, Alabama.[1] This was the same assignment his father was given years before; it was a way for the Army to avoid placing a black officer in command of white soldiers.[citation needed]

World War II

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Captain Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. of Washington, D.C., climbing into an Advanced Trainer (Tuskegee, Alabama; January 1942).

Early in 1941, the Roosevelt administration, in response to public pressure for greater black participation in the military as war approached, ordered the War Department to create a black flying unit. Captain Davis was assigned to the first training class at Tuskegee Army Air Field (hence the name Tuskegee Airmen). In July 1941, Davis entered aviation cadet training with the Tuskegee Airmen's first class of aviation cadets, Class 42-C-SE.[6] On March 6, 1942, Davis graduated from aviation cadet training with Captain George S. Roberts; 2nd Lt. Charles DeBow Jr. (Feb 13, 1918 – April 4, 1968),[7] 2nd Lt. Mac Ross (1912–1944),[8] and 2nd Lt. Lemuel R. Custis (1915–2005). Davis and his four classmates became the first African American combat fighter pilots in the U.S. military.[9][10]

Davis was the first African American officer to solo an Army Air Corps aircraft. In July that year, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel, he was named commander of the first all-black air unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron.[citation needed]

The squadron, equipped with Curtiss P-40 fighters, was sent to Tunisia in North Africa in the spring of 1943. On June 2, they saw combat for the first time in a dive-bombing mission against the German-held island of Pantelleria as part of Operation Corkscrew.[11] The squadron later supported the Allied invasion of Sicily.[citation needed]

Illustration of LTC Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. by Charles Henry Alston.

In September 1943, Davis was deployed to the United States to take command of the 332nd Fighter Group, a larger all-black unit preparing to go overseas. Soon after his arrival, there was an attempt to stop the use of black pilots in combat. Senior officers in the Army Air Forces recommended to the Army chief of staff, General George Marshall, that the 99th (Davis's old unit) be removed from combat operations as it had performed poorly. This infuriated Davis as he had never been told of any deficiencies with the unit. He held a news conference at The Pentagon to defend his men and then presented his case to a War Department committee studying the use of black servicemen.[citation needed]

Colonel Davis standing near the nose of a P-47 Thunderbolt, 1944

Marshall ordered an inquiry but allowed the 99th to continue fighting in the meantime. The inquiry eventually reported that the 99th's performance was comparable to other air units, but any questions about the squadron's fitness were answered in January 1944 when its pilots shot down 12 German planes in two days while protecting the Anzio beachhead.[citation needed]

Colonel Davis and his 332nd Fighter Group arrived in Italy soon after that. The four-squadron group, which was called the Red Tails for the distinctive markings of its planes, were based at Ramitelli Airfield and flew many missions deep into German territory. By summer 1944 the Group had transitioned to P-47 Thunderbolts. In the summer of 1945, Davis took over the all-black 477th Bombardment Group, which was stationed at Godman Field, Kentucky.[citation needed]

During the war, the airmen commanded by Davis had compiled an outstanding record in combat against the Luftwaffe. They flew more than 15,000 sorties, shot down 112 enemy planes, and destroyed or damaged 273 on the ground at a cost of 66 of their own planes and losing only about twenty-five bombers. Davis himself led 67 missions in P-47s and P-51 Mustangs.[12] He received the Silver Star for a strafing run into Austria and the Distinguished Flying Cross for a bomber-escort mission to Munich on June 9, 1944.[12]

Freeman Field Mutiny 1945

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Davis was one of ten officers to preside over the Freeman Field mutiny courts-martial; appointed by General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter. They were: Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr., Captain George L. Knox II, Captain James T. Wiley, Captain John H. Duren, Captain Charles R. Stanton, captain William T. Yates, Captain Elmore M. Kennedy, Captain Fitzroy Newsum, 1st Lieutenant William Robert Ming Jr. and 1st Lieutenant James Y. Carter. Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant Charles B. Hall.[13]

United States Air Force

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Colonel Davis, commander of the 51st FIW, leads a formation of F-86F Sabres during the Korean War, 1953

In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 ordering the racial integration of the armed forces. Colonel Davis helped draft the Air Force plan for implementing this order. The Air Force was the first of the services to integrate fully.[citation needed]

In 1949, Davis attended Air War College.[1] He later served at the Pentagon and in overseas posts over the next two decades. Noteworthy is that during his time at the Pentagon, he drafted the staffing package and gained approval to create the Air Force Thunderbird flight demonstration team.[14] He again saw combat in 1953 when he assumed command of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing (51 FIW) and flew an F-86 Sabre in Korea. He served as director of operations and training at Far East Air Forces Headquarters, Tokyo, from 1954 until 1955, when he assumed the position of vice commander of Thirteenth Air Force, with additional duty as commander of Air Task Force 13 (Provisional), Taipei, Taiwan. During his time in Tokyo, he was temporarily promoted to the rank of brigadier general.[citation needed]

4 April 1956, the “Official Opening” of the Air Task Force Thirteen (Provisional) new compound took place and was attended by high ranking ROCAF officers including General Wang Shu-ming, Commanding General, ROC Air Force and Brigadier General Benjamin O. Davis Jr, Commander, Air Task Force Thirteen (Provisional), Taipei, Taiwan.

In April 1957, General Davis arrived at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, as chief of staff of Twelfth Air Force, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). When the Twelfth Air Force was transferred to James Connally Air Force Base, Texas in December 1957, he assumed new duties as deputy chief of staff for operations, Headquarters USAFE, Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany. While in West Germany he was temporarily promoted to major general in 1959, and his promotion to brigadier general was made permanent in 1960.[1]

In July 1961, he returned to the United States and Headquarters U.S. Air Force, where he served as the director of manpower and organization, deputy chief of staff for programs and requirements. Davis's promotion to major general was made permanent early the next year, and in February 1965 he was assigned as assistant deputy chief of staff, programs and requirements.[1] He remained in that position until his assignment as chief of staff for the United Nations Command and U.S. Forces in Korea (USFK) in April 1965, at which time he was promoted to lieutenant general. He assumed command of the Thirteenth Air Force at Clark Air Base in the Republic of the Philippines in August 1967.[1]

Davis was assigned as deputy commander in chief, U.S. Strike Command, with headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, in August 1968, with additional duty as commander in chief, Middle-East, Southern Asia and Africa. He retired from active military service on February 1, 1970.[1]

On December 9, 1998, Davis Jr. was promoted to general, U.S. Air Force (retired), with President Bill Clinton pinning on his four-star insignia.[1][15] In the late 1980s he began to work on his autobiography, Benjamin O. Davis Jr.: American: An Autobiography.

Dates of rank

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General Earle E. Partridge pinning a general's star on Davis.
Portrait of General Davis shortly after receiving his fourth star.

General Davis' effective dates of promotion are:[15]

Second Lieutenant, June 12, 1936
First Lieutenant, June 19, 1939
Captain, October 9, 1940 (temporary); June 12, 1946 (permanent)
Major, May 13, 1942 (temporary);
Lieutenant colonel, May 29, 1942 (temporary); July 2, 1948 (permanent)
Colonel, May 29, 1944 (temporary); July 27, 1950 (permanent)
Brigadier General, October 27, 1954 (temporary); May 16, 1960 (permanent)
Major General, June 30, 1959 (temporary); January 30, 1962 (permanent)
Lieutenant General, April 30, 1965 (retired February 1, 1970)
General, December 9, 1998 (retired list)

Decorations and honors

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At the time of Davis's retirement, he held the rank of lieutenant general, but on December 9, 1998, President Bill Clinton awarded him a fourth star, raising him to the rank of full general. After retirement, he headed the federal sky marshal program, and in 1971 was named Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs. Overseeing the development of airport security and highway safety, Davis was one of the chief proponents of the 55 mile per hour speed limit enacted nationwide by the U.S. government in 1974 to save gasoline and lives. He retired from the Department of Transportation in 1975, and in 1978 served on the American Battle Monuments Commission, on which his father had served decades before. In 1991, he published his autobiography, Benjamin O. Davis Jr.: American (Smithsonian Institution Press). He is a 1992 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution.

Military decorations

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His military decorations included:[15]

Creator of the Davis Line/Median line on Taiwan Strait

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Historically, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan espoused a One-China Policy that considered the strait part of the exclusive economic zone of a single "China".[citation needed] In practice, a maritime border of control exists along the median line down the strait.[17] In 1955, Davis defined this median line by drawing a line down the middle of the strait. The US then pressured both sides into entering into a tacit agreement not to cross the median line.[18][19]

Honors

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Death

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Gravesite

Davis's wife Agatha died on March 10, 2002. (Aged 94)[29] Davis, who had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease, died at age 89 on July 4, 2002, at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. He was interred with Agatha on July 17, at Arlington National Cemetery.[30] A Red Tail P-51 Mustang, similar to the one he had flown in World War II, flew overhead during his funeral service. Bill Clinton said, "General Davis is here today as proof that a person can overcome adversity and discrimination, achieve great things, turn skeptics into believers; and through example and perseverance, one person can bring truly amazing change".[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "GENERAL BENJAMIN OLIVER DAVIS JR". AF.mil. United States Air Force.
  2. ^ a b c "Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Collection". Smithsonian National Space and Air Museum. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
  3. ^ Bielakowski, Alexander (2013). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the US Military. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO LLC. ISBN 978-1-59884-427-6. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
  4. ^ Holbert, Tim G.W. (Summer 2003). "A Tradition of Sacrifice: African-American Service in World War II". World War II Chronicles (XXI). World War II Veterans CommitteeIikiii Iiiii. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  5. ^ Lee, Ulysses. The Employment of Negro Troops (PDF). Center of Military History. p. 50. ISBN 9780160429514. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  6. ^ CAF Rise Above. "George S. 'Spanky' Roberts."
  7. ^ CAF Rise Above. "Charles Henry DeBow Jr."
  8. ^ CAF Rise Above. "Mac Ross."
  9. ^ "Air Force Historical Support Division > Home" (PDF). Retrieved 7 February 2017
  10. ^ "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  11. ^ Moye, J. Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780199741885.
  12. ^ a b Britannica. "Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. United States general." https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-O-Davis-Jr
  13. ^ Reilly, Thomas; Homan, Lynn (2008). Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen (7 ed.). Gretna Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. p. 203. ISBN 9781455601257. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  14. ^ "AIR FORCE HISTORY: Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Jr". Tinker Air Force Base. 24 February 2017.
  15. ^ a b c "General Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr". Biographies. United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 2004-02-10.
  16. ^ "Public Law 109–213—APR. 11, 2006 Congressional Gold Medal to the Tuskegee Airmen" (PDF). Congress.gov. US Library of Congress. 11 April 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  17. ^ 大公報文章："海峽中線"應該廢除, chinareviewnews.com, archived from the original on 2011-10-04, retrieved 2021-08-17. (in Chinese)
  18. ^ Tai-ho, Lin. "Air defense must be free of political calculation". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  19. ^ Micallef, Joseph V. (6 January 2021). "Why Taiwan Will Be at the Center of the China-US Rivalry". www.military.com. Military.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  20. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  21. ^ "District's newest high school, ninth grade school to be named after General Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr." Archived June 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-11. Retrieved 2014-07-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ^ "General Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Award". Capnhq.custhelp.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  24. ^ "Civil Air Patrol – Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Award Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine: Fact Sheet".
  25. ^ Hill, Michael, "West Point names barracks for black graduate who was shunned Archived May 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, 10 May 2015
  26. ^ "Enshrinee Benjamin O Davis". nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  27. ^ "San Diego Air & Space Museum – Historical Balboa Park, San Diego". Sandiegoairandspace.org. 2017-10-01. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
  28. ^ "USAFA airfield gets a new name | US Air Force Academy AOG & Foundation".
  29. ^ "Davis, Agatha Scott". The Washington Post.
  30. ^ Burial Detail: Davis, Benjamin O (Section 2, Grave E-311-RH) – ANC Explorer
  31. ^ "President Clinton's Remarks Honoring Gen. Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. of the Tuskegee Airmen". Clinton Digital Library. Retrieved 2021-10-23.

Further reading

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  • Applegate, Katherine. The Story of Two American Generals Benjamin O. Davis Jr. and Colin L. Powell, Gareth Stevens Pub., 1995 [ISBN missing]
  • Sandler, Stanley. Segregated Skies: All-Black Combat Squadrons of WW II, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. [ISBN missing]
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