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Reykjavík

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Reykjavík[a] is the capital and largest city of Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay. With a latitude of 64°08′ N, the city is the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state.[b] Reykjavík has a population of around 140,000 as of 2023 (up from 121,822 in 2015). The Capital Region has a population of around 248,000.[5]

Reykjavík
Capital city and municipality
Skyline from the Hallgrímskirkja
Höfði
Perlan
Fríkirkjan í Reykjavík
Alþingishúsið
Reykjavík Cathedral
Harpa
Hallgrímskirkja
Flag of Reykjavík
Flag
Coat of arms of Reykjavík
Coat of arms
Etymology: Old Norse: "Smoky bay"
Location of Reykjavík
Location of Reykjavík
Reykjavík is located in Iceland
Reykjavík
Reykjavík
Location in Iceland
Coordinates: 64°08′45″N 21°56′33″W / 64.14583°N 21.94250°W / 64.14583; -21.94250
Country Iceland
RegionCapital Region
ConstituencyReykjavík Constituency North
Reykjavík Constituency South
Market right18 August 1786[1]
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • BodyCity Council
 • MayorEinar Þorsteinsson [is] (Progressive Party)
 • City Council PresidentÞórdís Lóa Þórhallsdóttir
 • City Executive Council ChairmanEinar Þorsteinsson
Area
[2]
273 km2 (105 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,062 km2 (410 sq mi)
Population
 (2023)[3]
139,875
 • Density510/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
247,590
Time zoneUTC+00:00 (Western European Time)
 • Summer (DST)(Not Observed)
Postal code(s)
101–155
Municipal number0000
CouncilReykjavík City Council
Websitereykjavik.is

Reykjavík is believed to be the location of the first permanent settlement in Iceland, which, according to Landnámabók, was established by Ingólfur Arnarson in 874 AD. Until the 18th century, there was no urban development in the city location. The city was officially founded in 1786 as a trading town and grew steadily over the following decades, as it transformed into a regional and later national centre of commerce, population, and governmental activities.

Reykjavík is the centre of Iceland's cultural, economic, and governmental activity, and is a popular tourist destination among foreigners. It is among the cleanest, greenest, and safest cities in the world.[6][7][8]

History

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See also: Timeline of Reykjavík and History of Iceland
 
A painting by Johan Peter Raadsig of Ingólfr commanding his high seat pillars to be erected
 
Reykjavík in the 1860s

According to legend, the first permanent Norse settlement in Iceland was established at Reykjavík by Ingólfr Arnarson circa AD 870, as described in the Book of Settlement. Ingólfr is said to have decided the location of his settlement using a traditional Norse method: when land was in sight, he cast his high seat pillars overboard and promised to settle where the gods decided to bring them ashore. Two of his slaves then searched the coasts for three years before finding the pillars in the bay which eventually became the site of Reykjavík.[9]

Etymology

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The name is of Old Norse origin, derived from the roots reykr ('smoke') and vík ('bay'). The name is said to be inspired by steam rising from hot springs in the region. The original name was Reykjar-vík,[10] with an "r" suffix for the genitive singular of reykr; the modern version reykja- uses the genitive plural. The name's meaning is still transparent in modern Icelandic, and in modern Norwegian (røyk + vik). The name originally referred to both the bay on the northern shore of the modern city centre, between Örfirisey [is] and Laugarnes, as well as the estate and farm of Ingólfr Arnarson. This form of the name fell out of use shortly after settlement, and the estate was referred to as Vík á Seltjarnarnesi until the name Reykjavík was revived when urban development began centuries later.[10] The name has been translated as Bay of Smoke in English-language travel guides.[11]

Urban development

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The site of the modern city centre was farmland until the 18th century. In 1752, King Frederik V of Denmark donated the estate of Reykjavík to the Innréttingar [is] corporation. The leader of this movement was Skúli Magnússon. In the 1750s, several houses were built to house the wool industry, which was Reykjavík's most important employer for a few decades and the original reason for its existence. Other industries were undertaken by the Innréttingar, such as fisheries, sulphur mining, agriculture, and shipbuilding.[12]

The Danish Crown abolished monopoly trading in 1786 and granted six communities around the country an exclusive trading charter. Reykjavík was one of them and the only one to hold on to the charter permanently. 1786 is thus regarded as the date of the city's founding. Trading rights were limited to subjects of the Danish Crown, and Danish traders continued to dominate trade in Iceland. Over the following decades, their business in Iceland expanded. After 1880, free trade was expanded to all nationalities, and the influence of Icelandic merchants started to grow.

Rise of nationalism

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Reykjavík in 1881
 
Reykjavík in the 1920s

Icelandic nationalist sentiment gained influence in the 19th century, and the idea of Icelandic independence became widespread. Reykjavík, as Iceland's only city, was central to such ideas. Advocates of an independent Iceland realized that a strong Reykjavík was fundamental to that objective. All the important events in the history of the independence struggle were important to Reykjavík as well. In 1845 the Alþingi, the general assembly formed in 930 AD, was re-established in Reykjavík; it had been suspended a few decades earlier when it was located at Þingvellir. At the time it functioned only as an advisory assembly, advising the king about Icelandic affairs. The location of Alþingi in Reykjavík effectively established the city as the capital of Iceland.

In 1874, Iceland was given a constitution; with it, Alþingi gained some limited legislative powers and in essence became the institution that it is today. The next step was to move most of the executive power to Iceland: Home Rule was granted in 1904 when the office of Minister for Iceland was established in Reykjavík. On 1 December 1918, Iceland became a sovereign country, the Kingdom of Iceland, in personal union with the Crown of Denmark.

By the 1920s and 1930s, most of the growing Icelandic fishing trawler fleet sailed from Reykjavík; cod production was its main industry, but the Great Depression hit Reykjavík hard with unemployment, and labour union struggles sometimes became violent.

World War II

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On the morning of 10 May 1940, following the German occupation of Denmark and Norway on 9 April 1940, four British warships approached Reykjavík and anchored in the harbour. In a few hours, the Allied occupation of Reykjavík was complete. There was no armed resistance, and taxi and truck drivers even assisted the invasion force, which initially had no motor vehicles. The Icelandic government had received many requests from the British government to consent to the occupation, but it always declined on the basis of its policy of neutrality. For the remaining years of World War II, British and later American soldiers occupied camps in Reykjavík, and the number of foreign soldiers in Reykjavík became about the same as the local population of the city.[13] The Royal Regiment of Canada formed part of the garrison in Iceland during the early part of the war.

The economic effects of the occupation were positive for Reykjavík: the unemployment of the Depression years vanished, and construction work began. The British built Reykjavík Airport, which remains in service today, mostly for short-haul flights (to domestic destinations and Greenland). The Americans, meanwhile, built Keflavík Airport, situated 50 km (31 mi) west of Reykjavík, which became Iceland's primary international airport.[14] In 1944, the Republic of Iceland was founded and a president, elected by the people, replaced the king; the office of the president was placed in Reykjavík.

Post-war development

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In the post-war years, the growth of Reykjavík accelerated. An exodus from the rural countryside began, largely because improved technology in agriculture reduced the need for manpower, and because of a population boom resulting from better living conditions in the country. A once-primitive village was rapidly transformed into a modern city. Private cars became common, and modern apartment complexes rose in the expanding suburbs.

In 1972, Reykjavík hosted the famous World Chess Championship between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky. The 1986 Reykjavík Summit between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev underlined Reykjavík's international status. Deregulation in the financial sector and the computer revolution of the 1990s again transformed Reykjavík. The financial and IT sectors are now significant employers in the city.

The city has fostered some world-famous musicians and artists in recent years, including musicians Björk; Múm and Sigur Rós; writer Sjón; and visual artist Ragnar Kjartansson.

Geography

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Reykjavik view during sunrise
 
Reykjavík seen from above
 
Esja, the mountain range to the north of Reykjavík

Reykjavík is located in the southwest of Iceland. The Reykjavík area coastline is characterized by peninsulas, coves, straits, and islands.

During the Ice Age (up to 10,000 years ago) a large glacier covered parts of the city area, reaching as far out as Álftanes. Other parts of the city area were covered by sea water. In the warm periods and at the end of the Ice Age, some hills like Öskjuhlíð were islands. The former sea level is indicated by sediments (with clams) reaching (at Öskjuhlíð, for example) as far as 43 m (141 ft) above the current sea level. The hills of Öskjuhlíð and Skólavörðuholt appear to be the remains of former shield volcanoes which were active during the warm periods of the Ice Age. After the Ice Age, the land rose as the heavy load of the glaciers fell away, and began to look as it does today.

The capital city area continued to be shaped by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, such as the one 4,500 years ago in the mountain range Bláfjöll, when the lava coming down the Elliðaá valley reached the sea at the bay of Elliðavogur.

The largest river to run through Reykjavík is the Elliðaá River, which is non-navigable. It offers salmon fishing within the city limits.[15] Mount Esja, at 914 m (2,999 ft), is the highest mountain in the vicinity of Reykjavík.

The city of Reykjavík is mostly located on the Seltjarnarnes peninsula, but the suburbs reach far out to the south and east. Reykjavík is a spread-out city: most of its urban area consists of low-density suburbs, and houses are usually widely spaced. The outer residential neighbourhoods are also widely spaced from each other; in between them are the main traffic arteries and a lot of empty space. The city's latitude is 64°08' N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state (Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, is slightly further north at 64°10' (about 4 km) but Greenland is a constituent country, not an independent state).

 
Panorama of Reykjavík seen from Perlan with the mountains Akrafjall (middle) and Esja (right) in the background
 
Panorama of Reykjavík seen from Perlan at sunset in summer. As seen in the picture, Reykjavík's climate is mild enough for trees to grow.

Climate

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Reykjavík has a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfc, Trewartha: Eolk)[16] closely bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc) in the 0°C isotherm. The city has had its present climate classification since the beginning of the 20th century.[17][18]

At 64° north, Reykjavík is characterized by extremes of day and night length over the course of the year. From 20 May to 24 July, daylight is essentially permanent as the sun never gets more than 5° below the horizon. Day length drops to less than five hours between 2 December and 10 January. The sun climbs just 3° above the horizon during this time. However, day length begins increasing rapidly during January and by month's end there are seven hours of daylight.

Despite its northern latitude, temperatures very rarely drop below −15 °C (5 °F) in the winter. The proximity to the Arctic Circle and the strong moderation of the Atlantic Ocean in the Icelandic coast (influence of North Atlantic Current, an extension of the Gulf Stream) shape a relatively mild winter and cool summer. The city's coastal location does make it prone to wind, however, and gales are common in winter (influence of the Icelandic Low).[19] Summers are cool, with temperatures fluctuating between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F), rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F). This is a result of exposure to the maritime winds in its exposed west coast location that causes it to be much cooler in summer than similar latitudes in mainland Scandinavia. Contrasting this, winter days are milder than anywhere in far southern Sweden and the vast majority of Denmark. In fact, winter temperatures are comparable to those of New York City, which is more than 20 degrees farther south. Reykjavík averages 147 days of rain (more than 1mm) per year.[20] Droughts are uncommon, although they occur in some summers. In the summer of 2007, no rain was measured for one month. July and August are the warmest months of the year on average and January and February the coldest.

Summer tends to be the sunniest season, although May averages the most sunshine of any individual month. Overall, the city receives around 1,300 annual hours of sunshine,[21] which is comparable with other places in northern and north-western Europe such as Ireland and Scotland, but substantially less than equally northern regions with a more continental climate, including the Bothnian Bay basin in Scandinavia. Nonetheless, Reykjavík is one of the cloudiest and coolest capitals of any nation in the world. The highest temperature recorded in Reykjavík was 25.7 °C (78 °F), reported on 30 July 2008,[22] while the lowest-ever recorded temperature was −24.5 °C (−12 °F), recorded on 21 January 1918.[23] The coldest month on record is January 1918, with a mean temperature of −7.2 °C (19 °F). The warmest is July 2019, with a mean temperature of 13.4 °C (56 °F).[24]

Climate data for Reykjavík, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1829–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		15.7
(60.3) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		25.7
(78.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		3.3
(37.9) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.6
(45.7) 		4.7
(40.5) 		3.3
(37.9) 		8.1
(46.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.5
(32.9) 		1.2
(34.2) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.8
(49.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		11.0
(51.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		5.1
(41.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.7
(28.9) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.2
(45.0) 		9.1
(48.4) 		8.6
(47.5) 		6.2
(43.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		2.7
(36.9)
Record low °C (°F) −24.5
(−12.1) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−16.8
(1.8) 		−24.5
(−12.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 87.1
(3.43) 		90.6
(3.57) 		80.7
(3.18) 		59.0
(2.32) 		52.6
(2.07) 		43.3
(1.70) 		49.9
(1.96) 		64.5
(2.54) 		87.0
(3.43) 		79.8
(3.14) 		86.5
(3.41) 		94.9
(3.74) 		875.9
(34.48)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 19.9
(7.8) 		17.1
(6.7) 		23.2
(9.1) 		12.1
(4.8) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.4
(0.6) 		8.7
(3.4) 		17.8
(7.0) 		101.8
(40.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15.3 15.0 14.2 12.0 10.8 9.3 10.3 11.6 15.0 13.1 13.7 14.6 154.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 12.2 12.4 9.6 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 5.3 12.6 55.1
Average relative humidity (%) 78.1 77.1 76.2 74.4 74.9 77.9 80.3 81.6 79.0 78.0 77.7 77.7 77.8
Average dew point °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		2.0
(35.6) 		5.6
(42.1) 		7.9
(46.2) 		7.6
(45.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		1.2
(34.2)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 22.6 61.6 110.3 165.1 209.0 189.5 183.1 164.8 118.3 91.6 39.7 12.6 1,368.2
Percent possible sunshine 12 25 29 36 35 28 28 31 31 31 21 16 27
Average ultraviolet index 0 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 0 2
Source 1: Icelandic Met Office,[25][26][27] NOAA[28]
Source 2: timeanddate.com (sunshine percent and dewpoints),[29] Weather Atlas, (UV)[30] and Meteo Climat[31]
Coastal temperature data for Reykjavík
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 3.9
(39.02) 		3.7
(38.66) 		4.1
(39.38) 		4.7
(40.46) 		6.5
(43.70) 		8.8
(47.84) 		10.5
(50.90) 		11.4
(52.52) 		9.9
(49.82) 		7.7
(45.86) 		6.4
(43.52) 		5.5
(41.90) 		6.9
(44.47)
Source 1: Seatemperature.net[32]

Cityscape

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Panorama of the northern seashore of Reykjavík, as seen from Örfirisey

City administration

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The Reykjavík City Council governs the city of Reykjavík[33] and is directly elected by those aged over 18 domiciled in the city. The council has 23 members who are elected using the open list method for four-year terms.

The council selects members of boards, and each board controls a different field under the city council's authority. The most important board is the City Board that wields the executive rights along with the City Mayor. The City Mayor is the senior public official and also the director of city operations. Other public officials control city institutions under the mayor's authority. Thus, the administration consists of two different parts:

  • The political power of City Council cascading down to other boards
  • Public officials under the authority of the city mayor who administer and manage implementation of policy.

Political control

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The Independence Party was historically the city's ruling party; it had an overall majority from its establishment in 1929 until 1978, when it narrowly lost. From 1978 until 1982, there was a three-party coalition composed of the People's Alliance, the Social Democratic Party, and the Progressive Party. In 1982, the Independence Party regained an overall majority, which it held for three consecutive terms. The 1994 election was won by Reykjavíkurlistinn (the R-list), an alliance of Icelandic socialist parties, led by Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir. This alliance won a majority in three consecutive elections, but was dissolved for the 2006 election when five different parties were on the ballot. The Independence Party won seven seats, and together with the one Progressive Party it were able to form a new majority in the council which took over in June 2006.

In October 2007 a new majority was formed on the council, consisting of members of the Progressive Party, the Social Democratic Alliance, the Left-Greens and the F-list (liberals and independents), after controversy regarding REI, a subsidiary of OR, the city's energy company. However, three months later the F-list formed a new majority together with the Independence Party. Ólafur F. Magnússon, the leader of the F-list, was elected mayor on 24 January 2008, and in March 2009 the Independence Party was due to appoint a new mayor. This changed once again on 14 August 2008 when the fourth coalition of the term was formed, by the Independence Party and the Social Democratic Alliance, with Hanna Birna Kristjánsdóttir becoming mayor.

The City Council election in May 2010 saw a new political party, The Best Party, win six of 15 seats, and it formed a coalition with the Social Democratic Alliance; comedian Jón Gnarr became mayor.[34] At the 2014 election, the Social Democratic Alliance had its best showing yet, gaining five seats in the council, while Bright Future (successor to the Best Party) received two seats and the two parties formed a coalition with the Left-Green movement and the Pirate Party, which won one seat each. The Independence Party had its worst election ever, with only four seats.

Mayor

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Main article: Mayor of Reykjavík

The mayor is appointed by the city council; usually one of the council members is chosen, but they may also appoint a mayor who is not a member of the council.

The post was created in 1907 and advertised in 1908. Two applications were received, from Páll Einarsson [is], sheriff and town mayor of Hafnarfjörður and from Knud Zimsen [is], town councillor in Reykjavík. Páll was appointed on 7 May and was mayor for six years. At that time the city mayor received a salary of 4,500 ISK per year and 1,500 ISK for office expenses. The current mayor is Einar Þorsteinsson [is].[35]

Demographics

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Residential area of Reykjavík
Main article: Demographics of Iceland

Reykjavík is by far the largest and most populous settlement in Iceland. The municipality of Reykjavík had a population of 131,136 on 1 January 2020, comprising 36% of the country's population. The Capital Region, which includes the capital and six municipalities around it, was home to 233,034 people; that is about 64% of the country's population.[36]

On 1 January 2019, of the city's population of 128,793, immigrants of the first and second generation numbered 23,995 (18.6%), increasing from 12,352 (10.4%) in 2008 and 3,106 (2.9%) in 1998.[37] The most common foreign citizens are Poles, Lithuanians, and Latvians. About 80% of the city's foreign residents originate in European Union and EFTA member states, and over 58% are from the new member states of the EU, mainly former Eastern Bloc countries, which joined in 2004, 2007 and 2013.[38] As of 1 January 2023, about 63% of the population was documented to live in the Greater Reykjavik area with a total of 242,995 inhabitants.[39]

Children of foreign origin form a more considerable minority in the city's schools: as many as a third in places.[40] The city is also visited by thousands of tourists, students, and other temporary residents, at times outnumbering natives in the city centre.[41]

Residents by citizenship (1 January 1998 – 2018)[42]
Citizenship[a] 2018 2008 1998
Number % of total
population 		% of foreign
citizens 		Number % of total
population 		% of foreign
citizens 		Number % of total
population 		% of foreign
citizens
  Iceland 110,445 87.63% 109,111 91.82% 104,920 97.74%
  Poland 5,526 4.38% 35.43% 3,146 2.65% 32.38% 95 0.09% 3.92%
  Lithuania 1,733 1.37% 11.11% 811 0.68% 8.35% 8 0.01% 0.33%
  Latvia 595 0.47% 3.82% 217 0.18% 2.23% 1 0.00% 0.04%
  United Kingdom 487 0.39% 3.12% 222 0.19% 2.28% 153 0.14% 6.32%
  Spain 482 0.38% 3.09% 87 0.07% 0.90% 41 0.04% 1.69%
  Germany 481 0.38% 3.08% 450 0.38% 4.63% 148 0.14% 6.11%
  United States 420 0.33% 2.69% 331 0.28% 3.41% 313 0.29% 12.93%
  Romania 419 0.33% 2.69% 50 0.04% 0.51% 4 0.00% 0.17%
  Philippines 409 0.32% 2.62% 453 0.38% 4.66% 110 0.10% 4.54%
  Portugal 393 0.31% 2.52% 278 0.23% 2.86% 31 0.03% 1.28%
  France 371 0.29% 2.38% 145 0.12% 1.49% 71 0.07% 2.93%
  Denmark[b] 354 0.28% 2.27% 419 0.35% 4.31% 358 0.33% 14.79%
  Vietnam 243 0.19% 1.56% 207 0.17% 2.13% 43 0.04% 1.78%
  Italy 242 0.19% 1.55% 80 0.07% 0.82% 17 0.02% 0.70%
  Thailand 216 0.17% 1.38% 286 0.24% 2.94% 155 0.14% 6.40%
  Czech Republic 176 0.14% 1.13% 72 0.06% 0.74% 8 0.01% 0.33%
  Hungary 172 0.14% 1.10% 48 0.04% 0.49% 3 0.00% 0.12%
  China 164 0.13% 1.05% 144 0.12% 1.48% 40 0.04% 1.65%
  Sweden 156 0.12% 1.00% 201 0.17% 2.07% 117 0.11% 4.83%
  Croatia 153 0.12% 0.98% 18 0.02% 0.19% 8 0.01% 0.33%
  Slovakia 127 0.10% 0.81% 91 0.08% 0.94% 3 0.00% 0.12%
  Norway 120 0.10% 0.77% 141 0.12% 1.45% 154 0.14% 6.36%
  Bulgaria 115 0.09% 0.74% 57 0.05% 0.59% 17 0.02% 0.70%
  Russia 110 0.09% 0.71% 109 0.09% 1.12% 32 0.03% 1.32%
  Syria 109 0.09% 0.70% 7 0.01% 0.07% 3 0.00% 0.12%
  Netherlands 100 0.08% 0.64% 75 0.06% 0.77% 28 0.03% 1.16%
  Ukraine 81 0.06% 0.52% 89 0.07% 0.92% 9 0.01% 0.37%
  Canada 80 0.06% 0.51% 63 0.05% 0.65% 35 0.03% 1.45%
  India 73 0.06% 0.47% 86 0.07% 0.89% 10 0.01% 0.41%
  Greece 60 0.05% 0.38% 4 0.00% 0.04% 3 0.00% 0.12%
  Ireland 60 0.05% 0.38% 25 0.02% 0.26% 13 0.01% 0.54%
  Finland 59 0.05% 0.38% 62 0.05% 0.64% 51 0.05% 2.11%
  Iran 56 0.04% 0.36% 16 0.01% 0.16% 5 0.00% 0.21%
  Morocco 53 0.04% 0.34% 54 0.05% 0.56% 22 0.02% 0.91%
  Afghanistan 50 0.04% 0.32% 1 0.00% 0.01% 0 0.00% 0.00%
  Austria 49 0.04% 0.31% 45 0.04% 0.46% 17 0.02% 0.70%
   Switzerland 48 0.04% 0.31% 32 0.03% 0.33% 11 0.01% 0.45%
  Japan 45 0.04% 0.29% 34 0.03% 0.35% 14 0.01% 0.58%
  Serbia[c] 43 0.03% 0.28% 69 0.06% 0.71%
  Iraq 42 0.03% 0.27% 2 0.00% 0.02% 4 0.00% 0.17%
  Mexico 40 0.03% 0.26% 15 0.01% 0.15% 12 0.01% 0.50%
  Nigeria 40 0.03% 0.26% 25 0.02% 0.26% 3 0.00% 0.12%
  Albania 39 0.03% 0.25% 15 0.01% 0.15% 1 0.00% 0.04%
  Belgium 38 0.03% 0.24% 26 0.02% 0.27% 8 0.01% 0.33%
  Australia 37 0.03% 0.24% 28 0.02% 0.29% 9 0.01% 0.37%
  Brazil 37 0.03% 0.24% 26 0.02% 0.27% 8 0.01% 0.33%
  Estonia 34 0.03% 0.22% 40 0.03% 0.41% 5 0.00% 0.21%
  Colombia 32 0.03% 0.21% 72 0.06% 0.74% 10 0.01% 0.41%
  Pakistan 30 0.02% 0.19% 6 0.01% 0.06% 4 0.00% 0.17%
  Slovenia 25 0.02% 0.16% 6 0.01% 0.06% 3 0.00% 0.12%
  Kosovo[d] 24 0.02% 0.15%
  Kenya 23 0.02% 0.15% 23 0.02% 0.24% 2 0.00% 0.08%
  Ethiopia 22 0.02% 0.14% 35 0.03% 0.36% 1 0.00% 0.04%
    Nepal 20 0.02% 0.13% 40 0.03% 0.41% 2 0.00% 0.08%
  Yugoslavia[e] 65 0.06% 2.68%
Other Asia 143 0.11% 0.92% 165 0.14% 1.70% 33 0.03% 1.36%
Other Africa 129 0.10% 0.73% 88 0.07% 0.91% 40 0.04% 1.65%
Other Americas 104 0.08% 0.67% 111 0.09% 1.14% 39 0.04% 1.61%
Other Europe[f] 41 0.03% 0.26% 223 0.19% 2.29% 81 0.08% 3.35%
Stateless 38 0.03% 0.27% 58 0.05% 0.60% 2 0.00% 0.08%
Other Oceania 11 0.01% 0.07% 10 0.01% 0.10% 0 0.00% 0.00%
Other EU and EFTA 8 0.01% 0.08% 5 0.00% 0.05% 0 0.00% 0.00%
Total:   EU and EFTA[g] 12,583 9.98% 80.68% 6,835[h] 5.75% 70.35% 1,258[i] 1.17% 51.96%
Total: Asia 1,580 1.25% 10.13% 1,407 1.18% 14.48% 421 0.39% 17.39%
Total: Nordic countries[j] 689 0.55% 4.42% 823 0.69% 8.47% 680 0.63% 28.09%
Total: Northern America 500 0.40% 3.21% 394 0.33% 4.06% 348 0.32% 14.37%
Total: Europe outside of
EU and EFTA		 338 0.27% 2.17% 523 0.44% 5.38% 278 0.26% 11.48%
Total: Africa 296 0.23% 1.90% 237 0.20% 2.44% 73 0.07% 3.02%
Total: Latin America
and the Caribbean		 213 0.17% 1.37% 224 0.19% 2.31% 69 0.06% 2.85%
Total: Oceania 48 0.04% 0.33% 38 0.03% 0.39% 9 0.01% 0.37%
Total foreign citizens 15,596 12.37% 100% 9,716 8.18% 100% 2,421 2.26% 100%
Total population 126,041 100% 118,827 100% 107,341 100%
a Showing only countries with 20 or more citizens in the 2018 census.
b Including citizens of the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
c Not included in the 1998 census. See Yugoslavia.
d Included as part of Serbia in the 2008 census, and as part of Yugoslavia in the 1998 census.
e Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2006). Some persons who were registered as Yugoslavians after 1992 may in fact have origins in any of the six original republics of the union.
f Including citizens of unspecified countries of former Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union.
g Including the Nordic countries except Iceland.
h Not including the 2013 enlargement of the European Union.
i Not including the 2004 and 2007 enlargement of the European Union.
j Excluding Iceland.
 
Historical population of Reykjavík

Districts

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Districts of Reykjavík

Reykjavík is divided into 10 districts:

In addition there are hinterland areas (lightly shaded on the map) which are not assigned to any district.

Economy

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See also: Economy of Iceland and List of diplomatic missions in Iceland
 
Embassy of Denmark

Borgartún is the financial centre of Reykjavík, hosting a large number of companies and three investment banks. Reykjavík has been at the centre of Iceland's economic growth and subsequent economic contraction over the 2000s, a period referred to in foreign media as the "Nordic Tiger" years,[43][44] or "Iceland's Boom Years".[45] The economic boom led to a sharp increase in construction, with large redevelopment projects such as Harpa concert hall and conference centre and others. Many of these projects came to a halt in the following economic crash of 2008.

There are 14 embassies in Reykjavik, in addition to ambassadorial residences, and representative offices for Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and the European Union.[46]

Infrastructure

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Roads

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Per capita car ownership in Iceland is among the highest in the world at roughly 522 vehicles per 1,000 residents,[47] though Reykjavík is not severely affected by congestion. Several multi-lane highways (mainly dual carriageways) run between the most heavily populated areas and most frequently driven routes. Parking spaces are also plentiful in most areas. Public transportation consists of a bus system called Strætó bs. Route 1 (the Ring Road) runs through the city outskirts and connects the city to the rest of Iceland.

 
Old harbour

Airports and seaports

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Reykjavík Airport is positioned inside the city, just south of the city centre. It is used for domestic flights, general aviation and medical flights. Keflavík International Airport, located around 40km southwest of the city, serves international flights and is the main gateway to the country. Since 1962, there has been some controversy regarding the location of the airport, since it takes up a lot of valuable space in central Reykjavík.

Reykjavík has two seaports: the old harbour near the city centre, which is mainly used by fishermen and cruise ships, and Sundahöfn in the east city, which is the largest cargo port in the country and serves larger cruise ships.

 
Two steam locomotives were used to build the harbour Reykjavík Docks railway; both are now on display in Reykjavík.

Railways

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There are no public railways in Iceland, because of its sparse population, but the locomotives used to build the docks are on display. Proposals have been made for a high-speed rail link between the city and Keflavík.[48]

District heating

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See also: Geothermal power in Iceland
 
Geothermally powered snow-melting system being installed on Skólavörðustígur, Reykjavík.

Volcanic activity provides all of Reykjavík and surrounding areas with geothermal district heating systems for both residential and industrial districts. In heavily trafficked areas, mostly in the city centre, pavements and streets use geothermal snow-melting systems. Many driveways of private residences are also fitted with geothermal snow-melting systems. Geothermal hot water is also used to heat the city's numerous public pools and hot tubs. Natural hot water is used to heat roughly 90% of all buildings in Iceland.[49] Of total annual use of geothermal energy of 39 PJ, space heating accounted for 48%.[50]

The total thermal capacity of Reykjavíks hot water production is around 830MW, and the city has an average heating demand of 473 MW.[51] Hot water for Reyjavík's district heating comes from two combined heat and power (CHP) geothermal power plants as well as lower temperature geothermal fields:[52]

Cultural heritage

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Safnahúsið

Safnahúsið (the Culture House) was opened in 1909 and has a number of important exhibits. Originally built to house the National Library and National Archives and also previously the location of the National Museum and Natural History Museum, in 2000 it was re-modeled to promote the Icelandic national heritage. Many of Iceland's national treasures are on display, such as the Poetic Edda, and the Sagas in their original manuscripts. There are also changing exhibitions of various topics.[53]

Literary heritage

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Reykjavík is the capital, and in fact Iceland's only city, and as such, it plays a vital role in all cultural life in the country. The city is home to Iceland's main cultural institutions, boasts a flourishing arts scene and is renowned as a creative city with a diverse range of cultural happenings and dynamic grassroots activities. Most of the country's writers live in the city, and it also provides the setting for the majority of contemporary Icelandic literature – a development that has gone hand in hand with the rapid expansion of the city in the past 100 years or so.

Reykjavík is home to Icelandic medieval literature, including the Sagas of the Icelanders and the Poetic Edda, landmarks of world literature still widely read and translated today. This literary heritage is the core of the nation's identity and narrative art is the single most important part of its cultural history. The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies in Reykjavík is the centre of this heritage. It preserves manuscripts, conducts research on them and publishes texts for the public, in addition to offering research facilities and tutoring to foreign scholars and students. The Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register on 31 July 2009. Reykjavík city was designated as a UNESCO City of Literature in 2011 and joined then the UNESCO Creatives Cities network.

Iceland is one of the smallest linguistic areas in the world, with only around 330,000 inhabitants and very few speakers outside the country. The language has not changed much since the time of settlement in the 9th century and modern Icelanders can still read the original medieval texts with relative ease. Literature plays a vital role in cherishing and cultivating the language, both original Icelandic literature and translations. Language undergoes constant renewal and development in fiction, and translation of foreign work has also been instrumental in conserving this thousand-year-old literary language.

Award-winning authors Several Reykjavík writers have received international and Nordic awards. Halldór Laxness was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1955 for "vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland". The House of Halldór Laxness, Gljúfrasteinn, in the capital area can be visited year-round. A number of writers have won the Nordic Council's Literature Prize, among them are Thor Vilhjálmsson, Einar Már Guðmundsson and Sjón, and authors such as Guðrún Helgadóttir, Kristín Steinsdóttir and Ragnheiður Gestsdóttir are winners of The Nordic Children's Literature Prize. Crime writer Arnaldur Indriðason has won prizes abroad, including The Golden Dagger Award. Among other prizes awarded to writers from Reykjavík are the Kairos Preis (Andri Snaer Magnason), the Swedish Academy's Nordic Literature Prize (Guðbergur Bergsson) and the Prix de Page (Auður Ava Ólafsdóttir). Contemporary Icelandic writers are published in an increased number in translations throughout the world.

Lifestyle

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Nightlife

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Laugavegur main street in downtown Reykjavík

Alcohol is expensive at bars. People tend to drink at home before going out. Beer was banned in Iceland until 1 March 1989 but has since become popular among many Icelanders as their alcoholic drink of choice.[54]

Live music

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The Iceland Airwaves music festival is staged annually in November.[55] This festival takes place all over the city, and the concert venue Harpa is one of the main locations. Other venues that frequently organise live music events are Kex, Húrra, Gaukurinn (grunge, metal, punk), Mengi (centre for contemporary music, avant-garde music and experimental music), the Icelandic Opera and the National Theatre of Iceland for classical music.

New Year's Eve

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The arrival of the new year is a particular cause for celebration to the people of Reykjavík. Icelandic law states that anyone may purchase and use fireworks between 28th December and 6th January. As a result, every New Year's Eve the city is lit up with fireworks displays.[56]

Main sights

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Austurstræti street

Recreation

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Reykjavík Golf Club was established in 1934. It is the oldest and largest golf club in Iceland, and consists of two 18-hole courses – one at Grafarholt and the other at Korpa. The Grafarholt golf course opened in 1963, which makes it the oldest 18-hole golf course in Iceland. The Korpa golf course opened in 1997.[57]

Education

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Secondary schools

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Universities

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International schools

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Sports teams

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Laugardalsvöllur

Football

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Úrvalsdeild

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1. deild karla

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Other youth clubs

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Clubs classified as youth clubs offer youth teams where anyone can train with the team, though each club is based in a certain area of Reykjavík and mainly serves that area.

Other

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Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Iceland

Reykjavík is twinned with:[58]

In July 2013, mayor Jón Gnarr filed a motion before the city council to terminate the city's relationship with Moscow, in response to a trend of anti-gay legislation in Russia.[59] Lviv in Ukraine replaced Moscow in 2023.[60]

Notable people

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Main article: List of people from Reykjavík

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ /ˈreɪkjəvɪk, -viːk/ RAYK-yə-vik, -⁠veek;[4] Icelandic: [ˈreiːcaˌviːk] ⓘ
  2. ^ Nuuk is farther north, but Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark.

References

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  1. ^ "Vísindavefurinn: Af hverju varð Reykjavík höfuðstaður Íslands?". Vísindavefurinn. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  2. ^ "Vísindavefurinn: Hvað er Reykjavík margir metrar?". Vísindavefurinn. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  3. ^ "Mannfjöldi eftir sveitarfélögum, kyni, ríkisfangi og ársfjórðungum 2010–2016". Hagstofa Íslands. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  4. ^ "Reykjavik – definition of Reykjavik in English from the Oxford dictionary". www.oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  5. ^ Íbúafjöldi eftir sveitarfélögum september 2022 Skra.is, september 8th 2022
  6. ^ Yunlong, Sun (23 December 2007). "Reykjavík rated cleanest city in Nordic and Baltic countries". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  7. ^ "15 Green Cities". Grist. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  8. ^ "Iceland among Top 10 safest countries and Reykjavík is the winner of Tripadvisor Awards". TRAVELIO.net. 20 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  9. ^ Jon Gunnar Jørgensen. "Ingólfr Arnarson Bjǫrnólfsson Ingolv Ørnss" (in Norwegian). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Er eitthvert örnefni á höfuðborgarsvæðinu eða vík eða vogur, sem heitir Reykjavík?". Vísindavefurinn (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 7 November 2017.
  11. ^ "Reykjavík". Britannica.
  12. ^ Hvaðan kemur nafnið "Innréttingarnar" á fyrirtækinu sem starfaði hér á á 18. öld? Archived 10 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Vísindavefur. (in Icelandic)
  13. ^ Clifford, Kenneth J., ed. (1970). "The United States Marines in Iceland, 1941–1942" (PDF). Washington, DC: Historical Division Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
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  22. ^ "Reykjavik sees record summer temperature". Agence France-Presse. 31 July 2008.
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  27. ^ "Fréttir". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  28. ^ "Reykjavik Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  29. ^ "Reykjavík, Iceland – Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength". timeanddate.com. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  30. ^ "Monthly weather forecast and climate – Reykjavík, Iceland". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  31. ^ "STATION REYKJAVIK". Meteo climat. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  32. ^ "Reykjavík Sea Temperature". seatemperature.net. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023.
  33. ^ "1998 nr. 45 3. júní/ Sveitarstjórnarlög". Althingi.is. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  34. ^ "Best Party wins polls in Iceland's Reykjavík". BBC News. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
  35. ^ "Einar tekur við af Degi" (in Icelandic). Morgunblaðið. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
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  37. ^ "Immigrants in Reykjavík by districts 1998–2019". www.hagstofa.is. Statistics Iceland. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  38. ^ "Population by municipality, age and sex 1998–2019 – Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2019". www.hagstofa.is. Statistics Iceland. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  39. ^ "Statistics Iceland: The largest population increase ever". Statistics Iceland. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  40. ^ "Reykjavík – fjölmenningarborg barna" (PDF). 18 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
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  42. ^ "Population by sex, municipality and citizenship 1 January 1998–2018". www.hagstofa.is. Statistics Iceland. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  43. ^ Surowiecki, James (21 April 2008). "Iceland's Deep Freeze". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  44. ^ Kvam, Berit (19 June 2009). "Iceland: light at the end of the tunnel?". Nordic Labour Journal. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
  45. ^ "Iceland: the boom years". The Telegraph. 18 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  46. ^ "Diplomatic List" (PDF). Government of Iceland Ministry for Foreign Affairs. May 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  47. ^ "Motor vehicles (most recent) by country". United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook. nationmaster.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  48. ^ "Is there any news on Borgarlína or the airport train?". Iceland Review. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  49. ^ "Geothermal Energy – Orkustofnun". Geothermal Energy – Orkustofnun. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  50. ^ "NEA.is". NEA.is. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  51. ^ Gretar Ívarsson (April 2019). "Hitaveita í Reykjavík – Vatnsvinnsla 2018" (PDF).
  52. ^ "Mannvit". Mannvit. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  53. ^ Guide leaflet to the Culture House 2008, published by the National Centre for Cultural Heritage.
  54. ^ "The Dynamics of Shifts in Alcoholic Beverage Preference: Effects of the Legalization of Beer in Iceland". Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  55. ^ "Iceland Airwaves: Reykjavík's annual music festival | Icelandair US". Iceland Airways. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  56. ^ "Icelanders take New Year's fireworks to dizzying heights". Straits Times. 1 January 2021. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  57. ^ "Reykjavik Golf Club". Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  58. ^ "Minnisblað" (PDF). reykjavik.is (in Icelandic). Reykjavík. 14 September 2018. p. 3. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  59. ^ Bigg, Claire (20 July 2013). "Sister Cities Ramp Up Russia Boycott Over Antigay Law". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
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Sources

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