Guan Zhong (管仲) (c. 720-645 BC) was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. His given name was Yíwú (夷吾). Zhong was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC. Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan lord protector over the feudal lords. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies. Though otherwise a diverse work, the Guanzi compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations. Translator Allyn Rickett considers that, "judging what was said of him in the Zuo zhuan, he could qualify, at least in most respects, as an ideal Confucian minister... Guan Zhong is reported to have advised Duke Huan: 'Summon the wavering with courtesy and cherish the remote with virtuous conduct. So long as your virtuous conduct and courtesy never falter, there will be no one who does not cherish you.'" When Duke Huan was approached to dethrone the ruling clans of his state, Guan Zhong advised him that that he had won their adherence through politeness(li) and trustworthiness(xin). During the time of Confucius, when his students criticized Guan Zhong as lacking propriety, Confucius said of him that "Through having Guan Zhong as his minister Duke Huan became protector over the feudal lords. He brought unity and order to the entire realm so that even today people enjoy his gifts to them" and that "It was due to Guan Zhong that Duke Huan was able to assemble the feudal lords on numerous occasions without resorting to the use of his war chariots. Such was his goodness!" Because some of his reforms might be considered purely administrative, (as opposed to Confucianism, which "aspired to produce orderly rule solely through the charismatic excellence of the aristocratic leaders of the state") translator Allyn Ricket writes that later Confucian historians disparagingly identified Guan Zhong with the Legalist school, even though actually legalistic (that is, "Fa" or method-based) philosophy did not develop until hundreds of years later.